Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
Government of the Punjab Education Department, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan.
PLoS One. 2020 Nov 19;15(11):e0228476. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228476. eCollection 2020.
Xanthium strumarium is native to North America and now has become one of the invasive alien species (IAS) in China. In order to detect the effects of the invader on biodiversity and evaluate its suitable habitats and ecological distribution, we investigated the abundance, relative abundance, diversity indices, and the number of the invasive and native plants in paired invaded and non-invaded quadrats in four locations in North and Northeast China. We also analyzed the effects of monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity (%), and precipitations (mm). Strong positive significant (P < 0.01) correlation and maximum interspecific competition (41%) were found in Huailai between invaded and non-invaded quadrats. Shannon's Diversity Index showed that non-invaded plots had significantly (P < 0.05) more diversified species than invaded ones. The significant (P < 0.05) Margalef's Richness Index was found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded recorded heterogeneous nature of plant communities. Similarly, significant (P < 0.05) species richness found in Huailai and Zhangjiakou in non-invaded quadrats compared to invaded ones. Maximum evenness of Setaria feberi (0.47, 0.37), Seteria viridis (0.43) found in Fushun and Zhangjiakou recorded more stable in a community compared to other localities. Evenness showed positive relationship of Shannon Entropy within different plant species. The higher dissimilarity in plant communities found in Huailai (87.06%) followed by Yangyuan (44.43%), Zhangjiakou (40.13%) and Fushun (29.02%). The significant (P < 0.01) value of global statistics R (0.943/94.3%) showed high species diversity recorded in Huailai followed by Zhangjiakou recorded by non-metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity between invaded and non-invaded plots. At the end it was concluded that the diversity indices reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in invaded quadrats indicated that native plant species become less diverse due to X. strumarium invasion. The degrees of X. strumarium invasion affected on species richness resulted to reduce diversity indices significantly in invaded quadrats.
豚草原产于北美洲，现已成为中国的入侵外来物种（IAS）之一。为了检测入侵物种对生物多样性的影响，评估其适宜栖息地和生态分布，我们在中国北方和东北地区的四个地点的入侵和非入侵样方中调查了入侵和本地植物的丰度、相对丰度、多样性指数和数量。我们还分析了月平均最高和最低温度、相对湿度（%）和降水量（mm）的影响。在怀来，入侵和非入侵样方之间存在强烈的正相关（P < 0.01）和最大种间竞争（41%）。香农多样性指数表明，非入侵样方的物种多样性明显（P < 0.05）多于入侵样方。在怀来和张家口，玛格丽夫丰富度指数显著（P < 0.05），表明非入侵样方记录的植物群落具有异质性。同样，在怀来和张家口，非入侵样方的物种丰富度明显（P < 0.05）多于入侵样方。在抚顺和张家口，发现的节节草（0.47，0.37）和绿狗尾草（0.43）的均匀度最大，表明群落更加稳定。均匀度与不同植物物种内的香农熵呈正相关关系。在怀来发现的植物群落差异较大（87.06%），其次是阳原（44.43%）、张家口（40.13%）和抚顺（29.02%）。全球统计 R（0.943/94.3%）的显著（P < 0.01）值表明，怀来记录的物种多样性较高，其次是张家口，这是通过非度量多维尺度和入侵和非入侵样方之间的相似性分析记录的。最后得出结论，入侵样方的多样性指数显著降低（P < 0.05）表明，由于豚草的入侵，本地植物物种的多样性减少。豚草入侵的程度影响物种丰富度，导致入侵样方的多样性指数显著降低。
