Advances in the Surgical Management of Epilepsy: Drug-Resistant Focal Epilepsy in the Adult Patient.

Pharmacoresistant seizures occur in nearly one-third of people with epilepsy. Medial temporal lobe and lesional epilepsy are the most favorable surgically remediable epileptic syndromes. Successful surgery may render the patient seizure-free, reduce antiseizure drug(s) adverse effects, improve quality of life, and decrease mortality. Surgical management should not be considered a procedure of "last resort." Despite the results of randomized controlled trials, surgery remains an underutilized treatment modality for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Important disparities affect patient referral and selection for surgical treatment. This article discusses the advances in surgical treatment of DRE in adults with focal seizures.