School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK.
Inverness College, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK.
Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Jun;68(4):285-298. doi: 10.1111/zph.12785. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
Studies have shown that climatic factors can significantly influence transmission of many waterborne diseases. However, knowledge of the impact of climate variability on cryptosporidiosis is much less certain. Associations between the incidence of cryptosporidiosis and climatic variables have been reported in several countries. Given that the identified relationships were not consistently reported across studies, it is not known whether these were country-specific observations or can be considered more globally. Variation in the disease risk in both low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries presents new challenges and opportunities to enact responsive changes in research and public health policies. Available epidemiological evidence of the influence of weather and climate on cryptosporidiosis is reviewed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and most studies showed that the incidence of cryptosporidiosis is highly sensitive to climatic conditions, especially temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. The identified associations varied across studies, with different conditions of importance and lag times across different locations. Therefore, there is a need for countries at risk to assess Cryptosporidium transmission routes based on the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease and what role climate and other socio-ecological changes play in the transmission. Information gathering will then allow us to provide information for evidence-based control strategies and mitigation of transmission. This review offers new perspectives on the role of climate variability on Cryptosporidium transmission. It highlights different epidemiological approaches adopted and provides the potential for future research and surveillance to reduce the disease burden. By evaluating the epidemiological transmission of this organism in high-income countries, all mitigation strategies, for example filtration and water catchment management, can be used as exemplars of preventing infection in low- to middle-income countries.
研究表明，气候因素会显著影响许多水传播疾病的传播。然而，对于气候变化对隐孢子虫病的影响的了解则要少得多。在几个国家都报道了隐孢子虫病的发病率与气候变量之间的关联。鉴于这些已确定的关系在不同的研究中并未得到一致报告，因此尚不清楚这些关系是特定于国家的观察结果还是可以更普遍地考虑。在中低收入国家和高收入国家，疾病风险的变化为研究和公共卫生政策的响应式变化带来了新的挑战和机遇。本文回顾了有关天气和气候对隐孢子虫病影响的现有流行病学证据。符合纳入标准的研究有 14 项，大多数研究表明，隐孢子虫病的发病率对气候条件高度敏感，特别是温度、降雨量和相对湿度。所确定的关联在不同的研究中有所不同，不同的条件在不同的地点具有重要性和滞后时间。因此，有风险的国家需要根据疾病的时空模式以及气候和其他社会生态变化在传播中的作用，评估隐孢子虫病的传播途径。然后，信息收集将使我们能够提供基于证据的控制策略和传播缓解的信息。本综述为气候变化对隐孢子虫病传播的作用提供了新的视角。它强调了所采用的不同流行病学方法，并为未来的研究和监测提供了潜力，以减少疾病负担。通过评估这种病原体在高收入国家的流行病学传播，可以将所有的缓解策略，例如过滤和集水区管理，用作预防低到中等收入国家感染的范例。
