Wang Xihan, Wang Xu, Cao Jianping
Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
Pathogens. 2023 Mar 7;12(3):420. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12030420.
Environmental factors significantly influence the transmission of intestinal protozoan diseases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important zoonotic diseases characterized by diarrhea, and are mainly water or foodborne diseases caused by fecal-borne oocysts. The One Health approach effectively addresses environmentally influenced zoonotic diseases. However, the impact of environmental factors on the survival of (oo)cysts or disease transmission is mostly uncharacterized. Associations between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis incidence and environmental variables (e.g., climatic conditions, soil characteristics, and water characteristics) have been reported; however, the identified relationships are not consistently reported. Whether these are country-specific or global observations is unclear. Herein, we review the evidence for the influence of environmental factors on and corresponding diseases from three perspectives: climatic, soil, and water characteristics. The (oo)cyst concentration or survival of and the incidence of corresponding diseases are related to environmental variables. The associations identified varied among studies and have different levels of importance and lag times in different locations. This review summarizes the influence of relevant environmental factors on from the One Health perspective and provides recommendations for future research, monitoring, and response.
环境因素对肠道原生动物疾病的传播有显著影响。隐孢子虫病和贾第虫病是重要的人畜共患病，其特征为腹泻，主要是由粪源性卵囊引起的水源性或食源性疾病。“同一健康”方法有效地应对了受环境影响的人畜共患病。然而，环境因素对（卵）囊存活或疾病传播的影响大多未得到描述。已有报道隐孢子虫病和贾第虫病发病率与环境变量（如气候条件、土壤特性和水的特性）之间的关联；然而，所确定的关系并未得到一致报道。这些是特定国家的观察结果还是全球观察结果尚不清楚。在此，我们从气候、土壤和水的特性三个角度综述环境因素对（卵）囊及相应疾病影响的证据。（卵）囊浓度或存活情况以及相应疾病的发病率与环境变量有关。不同研究中确定的关联各不相同，在不同地点具有不同程度的重要性和滞后时间。本综述从“同一健康”角度总结了相关环境因素对（卵）囊的影响，并为未来研究、监测和应对提供建议。
