Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 19;21(22):8748. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228748.
The skin represents the first line of defense and innate immune protection against pathogens. Skin normally provides a physical barrier to prevent infection by pathogens; however, wounds, microinjuries, and minor barrier impediments can present open avenues for invasion through the skin. Accordingly, wound repair and protection from invading pathogens are essential processes in successful skin barrier regeneration. To repair and protect wounds, skin promotes the development of a specific and complex immunological microenvironment within and surrounding the disrupted tissue. This immune microenvironment includes both innate and adaptive processes, including immune cell recruitment to the wound and secretion of extracellular factors that can act directly to promote wound closure and wound antimicrobial defense. Recent work has shown that this immune microenvironment also varies according to the specific context of the wound: the microbiome, neuroimmune signaling, environmental effects, and age play roles in altering the innate immune response to wounding. This review will focus on the role of these factors in shaping the cutaneous microenvironment and how this ultimately impacts the immune response to wounding.
皮肤是抵御病原体的第一道防线和先天免疫保护屏障。皮肤通常为物理屏障，可防止病原体感染；然而，伤口、微创伤和轻微的屏障障碍会为病原体通过皮肤入侵提供途径。因此，伤口修复和防止病原体入侵是成功皮肤屏障再生的关键过程。为了修复和保护伤口，皮肤会在受损组织内部和周围促进特定且复杂的免疫微环境的发展。这种免疫微环境包括先天和适应性过程，包括免疫细胞募集到伤口和分泌细胞外因子，这些因子可以直接作用以促进伤口闭合和伤口抗菌防御。最近的研究表明，这种免疫微环境也会根据伤口的具体情况而变化：微生物组、神经免疫信号、环境影响和年龄在改变对创伤的先天免疫反应方面发挥作用。这篇综述将重点关注这些因素在塑造皮肤微环境中的作用，以及这最终如何影响对创伤的免疫反应。
