Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Vaccine. 2020 Dec 14;38(52):8264-8272. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.002. Epub 2020 Nov 21.
Older adults are more susceptible to viral and bacterial infection, and experience higher incidence and severity of infectious diseases. Although vaccination is the most logical solution in preventing infectious diseases, primary vaccine responses in individuals aged ≥65 years-old fail to generate complete protection. This is presumably attributed to immunosenescence, a term that describes functional differences associated with the immune system and natural age advancement. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems experience age-related impairments that contribute to insufficient protection following vaccination. This review addresses current knowledge of age-related changes that affect vaccine responsiveness; including the deficits in innate cell functions, dampened humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, current vaccination schedules for older adults, and concludes with potential strategies for improving vaccine efficacy specifically for this age group. Due to an age-related decline in immunity and poor vaccine responses, infectious diseases remain a burden among the aged population.
老年人更容易受到病毒和细菌感染，并且更易患传染病，其发病率和严重程度更高。虽然接种疫苗是预防传染病最合理的方法，但≥65 岁人群的初级疫苗反应无法产生完全的保护作用。这可能归因于免疫衰老，这一术语描述了与免疫系统和自然年龄增长相关的功能差异。先天和适应性免疫系统都经历与年龄相关的损伤，这导致接种疫苗后保护作用不足。本综述讨论了影响疫苗反应性的与年龄相关的变化的现有知识；包括固有细胞功能缺陷、体液和细胞介导免疫反应减弱、老年人的当前疫苗接种计划，并以专门针对该年龄组提高疫苗疗效的潜在策略作为结论。由于免疫功能随年龄的增长而下降以及疫苗反应不佳，传染病仍然是老年人群的负担。
