Identification and Validation of MSX1 as a Key Candidate for Progestin Resistance in Endometrial Cancer.

PURPOSE

Progestin resistance is a critical obstacle for endometrial conservative therapy. Therefore, studies to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms are urgent. However, the pivotal molecules are still unexplored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We downloaded GSE121367 from the GEO database. The "limma" R language package was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We conducted Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA). Protein-protein interaction was constructed by STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. The tumor immune microenvironment was explored by the TISIDB database. Methylation validation and overall survival analysis were conducted by the TCGA database. In addition, the upstream modulators of hub genes were predicted by miRTarBase and Network Analyst databases. The expression levels of candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemical assay (IHC). Cell growth, clone formation, migration, invasion, and wound healing assays were studied to explore the role of in progestin resistance in vitro.

RESULTS

A total of 3,282 DEGs were identified and they were mostly enriched in the cell adhesion pathway. We screened out ten hub genes whose genomic alteration rates were low based on the current endometrial carcinoma sample sets. Has-miR-335-5p, has-miR-124-3p, , and were the most prominent upstream regulators. The methylation status of , and was decreased, corresponding to their high protein expression, which also predicted better overall survival. The homeobox protein of showed significant tissue specificity and better prognostic value and its knockdown inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and enhanced progesterone efficacy.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified that the gene of promised to be the specific indicator and therapeutic target for progestin resistance. This would shed new light on the underlying biological mechanism to overcome progestin resistance of endometrial cancer.