Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy.
Istituto Farmaceutico Candioli Srl, Beinasco, Turin, Italy.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Jan 31;168:846-865. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.149. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
The overproduction of free radicals can cause oxidative-stress damage to a range of biomolecules, and thus potentially contribute to several pathologies, from neurodegenerative disorders to cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. Endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), play an important role in diminishing oxidative stress. SOD supplementation could therefore be an effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of free-radical overproduction. However, the efficacy of SOD administration is hampered by its rapid clearance. Several different approaches to improve the bioavailability of SOD have been explored in recent decades. This review intends to describe the rationale that underlie the various approaches and chemical strategies that have led to the most recent advances in SOD delivery. This critical description includes SOD conjugates, SOD loaded into particulate carriers (micelles, liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles) and the most promising and suitable formulations for oral delivery, with a particular emphasis on reports of preclinical/clinical results. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.
自由基的过度产生会导致生物分子的氧化应激损伤，从而可能导致多种病理学改变，从神经退行性疾病到心血管疾病和代谢紊乱。内源性抗氧化酶，如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），在减轻氧化应激方面发挥着重要作用。因此，SOD 的补充可能是一种减少自由基过度产生的有效预防策略。然而，SOD 给药的疗效受到其快速清除的阻碍。在过去几十年中，人们探索了几种不同的方法来提高 SOD 的生物利用度。本综述旨在描述各种方法和化学策略的基本原理，这些方法和策略导致了 SOD 传递的最新进展。这种批判性的描述包括 SOD 缀合物、负载在颗粒载体（胶束、脂质体、纳米粒子、微粒）中的 SOD 以及最有前途和适合口服给药的制剂，特别强调了临床前/临床结果的报告。还考虑并报告了可能的未来方向。
