UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Aug;83:36-56. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.009. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
Understanding of cancer with the help of ever-expanding cutting edge technological tools and bioinformatics is revolutionizing modern cancer research by broadening the space of discovery window of various genomic and epigenomic processes. Genomics data integrated with multi-omics layering have advanced cancer research. Uncovering such layers of genetic mutations/modifications, epigenetic regulation and their role in the complex pathophysiology of cancer progression could lead to novel therapeutic interventions. Although a plethora of literature is available in public domain defining the role of various tumor driver gene mutations, understanding of epigenetic regulation of cancer is still emerging. This review focuses on epigenetic regulation association with the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC has higher prevalence in Caucasian populations compared to other races. Due to lack of proper reporting to cancer registries, the incidence rates for NMSC worldwide cannot be accurately estimated. However, this is the most common neoplasm in humans, and millions of new cases per year are reported in the United States alone. In organ transplant recipients, the incidence of NMSC particularly of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high and these SCCs frequently become metastatic and lethal. Understanding of solar ultraviolet (UV) light-induced damage and impaired DNA repair process leading to DNA mutations and nuclear instability provide an insight into the pathogenesis of metastatic neoplasm. This review discusses the recent advances in the field of epigenetics of NMSCs. Particularly, the role of DNA methylation, histone hyperacetylation and non-coding RNA such as long-chain noncoding (lnc) RNAs, circular RNAs and miRNA in the disease progression are summarized.
借助不断扩展的前沿技术工具和生物信息学来理解癌症，正在通过拓宽各种基因组和表观基因组过程的发现窗口，彻底改变现代癌症研究。将基因组数据与多组学分层相结合，推动了癌症研究的发展。揭示这些遗传突变/修饰、表观遗传调控及其在癌症进展复杂病理生理学中的作用，可能会带来新的治疗干预措施。尽管有大量文献在公共领域定义了各种肿瘤驱动基因突变的作用，但对癌症表观遗传调控的理解仍在不断发展。本综述重点关注表观遗传调控与非黑色素瘤皮肤癌（NMSC）发病机制的关联。与其他种族相比，NMSC 在白种人群中的发病率更高。由于向癌症登记处的报告不充分，全球 NMSC 的发病率无法准确估计。然而，这是人类最常见的肿瘤，仅在美国每年就有数百万人新发病例。在器官移植受者中，NMSC 的发病率特别高，尤其是鳞状细胞癌（SCC），这些 SCC 经常发生转移并致命。对太阳紫外线（UV）诱导损伤和受损 DNA 修复过程导致 DNA 突变和核不稳定性的理解，为转移性肿瘤的发病机制提供了新的认识。本综述讨论了 NMSC 表观遗传学领域的最新进展。特别总结了 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白过度乙酰化以及非编码 RNA（如长链非编码（lnc）RNA、环状 RNA 和 miRNA）在疾病进展中的作用。
