Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, North University Centre at Baia Mare, Faculty of Science, 76 Victoriei Street, 430122, BaiaMare, Romania.
INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Environ Pollut. 2020 Dec;267:115409. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115409. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
The paper presents the quality status of 14 brands of bottled water, with sources of groundwaters from different mountain areas alongside the Carpathian Mountains from Romania. A number of 12 physico-chemical parameters (ammonium, bicarbonate, electrical conductivity, carbonate, chemical oxygen demand, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, pH, sulphate, total hardness, turbidity), 9 metals and metalloids (Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sr, Ba) and 17 heavy metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi) were determined and studied. The quality status, the potential contamination and the health risk assessment of bottled waters were assessed, by using the drinking water quality index, the heavy metal pollution index, the heavy metal evaluation index, the degree of contamination and the human health risk indices. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied, indicating similarities among the studied bottled waters based on their metal content. The Piper diagram reveals that the majority of bottled water samples fall into the Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO, CO, HCO categories. The quality of bottled waters based on the indices results indicated marginal, poor and very-poor quality status of the studied water samples, while the health risk assessment indices presented potential risks at aluminium, chloride and nitrate for the inhabitants who used those water samples with the purpose of drinking. The pollution indices with respect to metals generally reflected a low pollution status. This study represents the first attempt in assessing the overall quality of some bottled water collected from the mountain area, Romania, likewise assessing the comprehensive human health risk due to several chemical elements determined in water in amounts around and exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations. This research can be useful for development of potential strategies for risk control and management in the field of drinking water.
本文介绍了来自罗马尼亚喀尔巴阡山脉不同山区地下水的 14 个瓶装水品牌的质量状况。对 12 种物理化学参数（氨、碳酸氢盐、电导率、碳酸盐、化学需氧量、氯、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、pH 值、硫酸盐、总硬度、浊度）、9 种金属和类金属（Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sr、Ba）和 17 种重金属（V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Mo、Ag、Cd、In、Tl、Pb、Bi）进行了测定和研究。采用饮用水质量指数、重金属污染指数、重金属评价指数、污染程度和人体健康风险指数，对瓶装水的质量状况、潜在污染和健康风险评估进行了评估。应用层次聚类分析，根据金属含量对研究中的瓶装水进行了相似性分析。Piper 图表明，大多数瓶装水样品属于 Ca、Mg、Na、K、Cl、SO、CO、HCO 类。根据指数结果，瓶装水的质量表明研究水样的质量状况处于边缘、较差和极差状态，而健康风险评估指数则表明，对于那些以饮用为目的使用这些水样的居民，铝、氯和硝酸盐存在潜在风险。金属污染指数总体上反映出低度污染状况。本研究首次尝试评估罗马尼亚山区部分瓶装水的整体质量，同时评估水中多种化学元素的综合人体健康风险，这些元素的含量在允许浓度上下波动甚至超过允许浓度。该研究可为饮用水领域的风险控制和管理策略的制定提供参考。
