Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Department of Avian Medicine and Poultry Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, CDMX, Mexico.
PLoS One. 2020 Dec 1;15(12):e0242354. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242354. eCollection 2020.
Mexico is one of the world's major poultry producing countries. Two significant challenges currently facing the poultry industry are the responsible and judicious use of antimicrobials, and the potential occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks. For example, repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3 have occurred in poultry since its first detection in Mexico in 2012. Both of these challenges can be addressed through good husbandry practices and the application of on-farm biosecurity measures. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the biosecurity measures practiced across different types of poultry farms in Mexico, and (ii) to collect information regarding antimicrobial usage. A cross-sectional study was carried out through on-farm interviews on 43 poultry farms. A multiple correspondence analysis was performed to characterize the farms based on their pattern of biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage. Three clusters of farms were identified using an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. In each cluster, a specific farm type was predominant. The biosecurity measures that significantly differentiated the visited farms, thus allowing their clusterization, were: the use of personal protective equipment (e.g. face masks, hair caps, and eye protection), the requirement for a hygiene protocol before and after entering the farm, the use of exclusive working clothes by staff and visitors, footbath presence at the barn entrance, and the mortality disposal strategy. The more stringent the biosecurity measures on farms within a cluster, the fewer the farms that used antimicrobials. Farms with more biosecurity breaches used antimicrobials considered critically important for public health. These findings could be helpful to understand how to guide strategies to reinforce compliance with biosecurity practices identified as critical according to the farm type. We conclude by providing certain recommendations to improve on-farm biosecurity measures.
墨西哥是世界上主要的家禽生产国之一。家禽业目前面临的两个重大挑战是负责任和明智地使用抗生素，以及传染病爆发的潜在发生。例如，自 2012 年墨西哥首次检测到高致病性禽流感病毒 H7N3 以来，家禽中反复发生该病毒的爆发。这两个挑战都可以通过良好的饲养管理和应用农场生物安全措施来解决。本研究的目的是：（i）评估墨西哥不同类型家禽养殖场实施的生物安全措施，以及（ii）收集有关抗生素使用情况的信息。通过对 43 个家禽养殖场的农场访谈进行了横断面研究。采用多元对应分析（MCA）根据其生物安全措施和抗生素使用情况的模式对农场进行特征描述。采用凝聚层次聚类分析（AHC）对农场进行聚类分析，识别了三个农场群。在每个群中，都有一个特定的农场类型占主导地位。显著区分了所访问的农场、从而允许对其进行聚类分析的生物安全措施是：使用个人防护设备（例如口罩、发帽和眼部保护）、进入农场前后需要遵守卫生规程、员工和访客使用专用工作服、畜舍入口处设置洗脚盆、以及死亡动物处置策略。一个群内的农场实施的生物安全措施越严格，使用抗生素的农场就越少。违反生物安全措施较多的农场使用的抗生素被认为对公共卫生至关重要。这些发现有助于了解如何根据农场类型指导加强对被认为至关重要的生物安全措施的合规性的策略。最后，我们提出了一些改进农场生物安全措施的建议。
