Insights into Transcriptional Repression of the Homologous Toxin-Antitoxin Cassettes and .

Transcriptional repression is a mechanism which enables effective gene expression switch off. The activity of most of type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes is controlled in this way. These cassettes undergo negative autoregulation by the TA protein complex which binds to the promoter/operator sequence and blocks transcription initiation of the TA operon. Precise and tight control of this process is vital to avoid uncontrolled expression of the toxin component. Here, we employed a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments to establish the molecular basis for previously observed differences in transcriptional activity and repression levels of the and promoters which control expression of two homologous TA systems, YefM-YoeB and Axe-Txe, respectively. Transcriptional fusions of promoters with a reporter, together with in vitro transcription, EMSA and footprinting assays revealed that: (1) the different sequence composition of the -35 promoter element is responsible for substantial divergence in strengths of the promoters; (2) variations in repression result from the TA repressor complex acting at different steps in the transcription initiation process; (3) transcription from an additional promoter upstream of also contributes to the observed inefficient repression of module. This study provides evidence that even closely related TA cassettes with high sequence similarity in the promoter/operator region may employ diverse mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of their genes.