French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France.
Aquat Toxicol. 2021 Jan;230:105687. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105687. Epub 2020 Nov 26.
Glyphosate is an herbicidal active substance (AS) entering in the composition of a large diversity of pesticide products (glyphosate-based herbicides; GBH) used in modern intensive agriculture. This compound has a favorable environmental safety profile but was suspected to induce deleterious effects in aquatic organisms, with a potential effect of some associated co-formulants. This study aimed to assess the impact of direct and chronic exposure to glyphosate on the health status of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A total of 36 genitors were exposed daily for 10 months to a dose of glyphosate representative of environmental concentrations (around 1 μg L) using the AS alone or two GBHs formulations (i.e. Roundup Innovert® and Viaglif Jardin®) and findings were compared to an unexposed control group (n=12). The effects of chemical exposure on the reproductive capacities, hemato-immunologic functions, energetic metabolism, oxidative stress and specific biomarkers of exposure were analyzed over a period of 4 months covering spawning. A limited mortality between 15% and 30% specific to the spawning occurred under all conditions. No differences were observed in reproduction parameters i.e. mean weights, relative fertility and fecundity. Red blood cell count, hematocrit index, mean corpuscular volume and white blood cell counts were similar for all the sampling dates. Significant changes were observed two months before spawning with a 70% decrease of the proportion of macrophages in trout exposed to Viaglif only and a reduction of 35% of the phagocytic activity in fish exposed to the two GBHs. Trends towards lower levels of expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (between 38% and 66%) were detected one month after the spawning for all contaminated conditions but without being statistically significant. Biomarkers of exposure, i.e. acetylcholine esterase and carbonic anhydrase activities, were not impacted and none of the chemical contaminants disturbed the oxidative stress or metabolism parameters measured. These results suggest that a 10 months exposure of rainbow trout to a concentration of 1 μg L of glyphosate administered using the pure active substance or two GBHs did not significantly modify their global health including during the spawning period. The immunological disturbances observed will need to be further explored because they could have a major impact in response to infectious stress.
草甘膦是一种除草活性物质 (AS)，它包含在大量不同的农药产品 (草甘膦除草剂; GBH) 中，这些产品被广泛应用于现代集约化农业。这种化合物具有良好的环境安全性，但被怀疑会对水生生物产生有害影响，一些相关的共溶剂可能会产生潜在影响。本研究旨在评估直接和慢性暴露于草甘膦对虹鳟鱼健康状况的影响，虹鳟鱼是 Oncorhynchus mykiss 的一种。共有 36 条亲鱼在 10 个月的时间里，每天接触环境浓度（约 1μg/L）的草甘膦，使用草甘膦单一成分或两种草甘膦制剂（即 Roundup Innovert®和 Viaglif Jardin®）进行暴露，并与未暴露的对照组（n=12）进行比较。在产卵期间，分析了化学暴露对生殖能力、血液免疫功能、能量代谢、氧化应激和特定暴露生物标志物的影响。在所有条件下，产卵期间都有 15%至 30%的特定死亡率。在繁殖参数方面，即平均体重、相对生育力和产卵量，没有观察到差异。红细胞计数、血细胞比容指数、平均红细胞体积和白细胞计数在所有采样日期都相似。在产卵前两个月观察到显著变化，仅接触 Viaglif 的鳟鱼体内巨噬细胞的比例下降了 70%，接触两种 GBH 的鱼的吞噬活性下降了 35%。在所有受污染的条件下，产卵后一个月，肿瘤坏死因子-α 的表达水平都有下降趋势（在 38%至 66%之间），但没有统计学意义。暴露生物标志物，即乙酰胆碱酯酶和碳酸酐酶的活性，没有受到影响，没有一种化学污染物干扰所测量的氧化应激或代谢参数。这些结果表明，虹鳟鱼在 10 个月的时间里，以 1μg/L 的浓度接触草甘膦，无论是使用纯活性物质还是两种草甘膦制剂进行接触，都没有显著改变它们的整体健康状况，包括在产卵期间。观察到的免疫紊乱需要进一步研究，因为它们可能对传染性应激产生重大影响。
