French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Fish Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Fish Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France.
Aquat Toxicol. 2021 Aug;237:105894. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105894. Epub 2021 Jun 6.
The environmental safety profile of glyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide worldwide, is still a subject of debate and little is known about the generational toxicity of this active substance (AS) and the associated commercial formulations called "glyphosate-based herbicides" (GBHs). This study investigated the impact of parental and direct exposure to 1μgL of glyphosate using the AS alone or one of two GBH formulations (i.e. Roundup Innovert® and Viaglif Jardin®) in the early developmental stages of rainbow trout. Three different modes of exposure on the F1 generation were studied: (1) intergenerational (i.e. fish only exposed through their parents); (2) direct (i.e. fish exposed only directly) and (3) multigenerational (i.e. fish both exposed intergenerationally and directly). The impact of chemical treatments on embryo-larval development (survival, biometry and malformations), swimming behaviour, biochemical markers of oxidative stress equilibrium (TBARS and catalase), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and energy metabolism (citrate synthase, CS; cytochrome-c oxidase, CCO; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH) was explored. Chemical exposure did not affect the survival of F1 embryos or malformation rates. Direct exposure to the AS induced some biometric changes, such as reduction in head size (with a 10% decrease in head length), independently of co-formulants. Intergenerational exposure to the AS or the Roundup GBH increased swimming activity of the larvae, with increase of between 78 and 102% in travel speeds. Viaglif co-formulants appear to have counteracted this behavioural change. The minor changes detected in the assayed biochemical markers suggested that observed effects were not due to oxidative damage, AChE inhibition or alterations to energy metabolism. Nonetheless, multi- and intergenerational exposure to Roundup increased CS:CCO and LDH:CS ratios by 46% and 9%, respectively, with a potential modification of the aerobic-to-anaerobic energy production balance. These biochemical effects were not correlated with those observed on individual level of biological organization. Therefore, further studies on generational toxicity of glyphosate and its co-formulants are needed to identify the other mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity at the cellular level.
草甘膦是全球应用最广泛的除草剂，其环境安全性仍存在争议，人们对这种活性物质（AS）及其相关的商业制剂（称为“草甘膦除草剂”）的代际毒性知之甚少。本研究调查了单独使用草甘膦 AS 或两种草甘膦制剂（即 Roundup Innovert®和 Viaglif Jardin®）在虹鳟早期发育阶段对亲代和直接暴露于 1μgL 草甘膦的影响。在 F1 代中研究了三种不同的暴露模式：（1）代际（即仅通过父母暴露）；（2）直接（即仅直接暴露）和（3）多代（即既代际又直接暴露）。研究了化学处理对胚胎-幼虫发育（存活率、生物计量和畸形）、游泳行为、氧化应激平衡的生化标志物（TBARS 和过氧化氢酶）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和能量代谢（柠檬酸合酶、CS；细胞色素-c 氧化酶，CCO；乳酸脱氢酶，LDH；葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶，G6PDH）的影响。化学暴露并未影响 F1 胚胎的存活率或畸形率。直接暴露于 AS 会导致一些生物计量变化，例如头部大小缩小（头部长度减少 10%），而与共溶剂无关。AS 或 Roundup 草甘膦的代际暴露增加了幼虫的游泳活动，游动速度增加了 78%至 102%。Viaglif 共溶剂似乎抵消了这种行为变化。测定的生化标志物的微小变化表明，观察到的影响不是由于氧化损伤、AChE 抑制或能量代谢改变引起的。尽管如此，Roundup 的多代和代际暴露使 CS:CCO 和 LDH:CS 比值分别增加了 46%和 9%，可能改变了有氧到无氧能量产生的平衡。这些生化效应与个体水平的生物组织学观察到的效应无关。因此，需要进一步研究草甘膦及其共溶剂的代际毒性，以确定草甘膦在细胞水平上的其他毒性机制。
