Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University campus, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
Plant J. 2021 Jan;105(2):446-458. doi: 10.1111/tpj.15112. Epub 2021 Jan 12.
Phytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin-responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non-climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
植物激素是调节果实发育和成熟的重要组成部分。本文综述了激素信号与果实发育之间关系的最新认识，重点介绍肉质果实，并强调了模式作物番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）和其他物种的最新研究进展。果实发育包括果实的形成、生长和成熟与成熟。果实形成发生在受精之后，与生长素和赤霉素（GA）信号有关。生长素和 GA 之间的相互作用以及其他植物激素的相互作用是由生长素响应Aux/IAA 和 ARF 蛋白介导的。果实生长包括细胞分裂和扩张，前者被证明受生长素信号的影响。虽然对细胞扩张的调控了解较少，但有证据表明，通过生长素和 GA 的协同调控，以及其他激素的输入，促进了细胞扩张。果实成熟是一个过渡期，会引发成熟，此时生长素和 GA 水平下降，同时脱落酸（ABA）和乙烯水平上升。在果实成熟过程中，乙烯在跃变型果实中起着明显的作用，而非跃变型果实的成熟通常与 ABA 有关。最近的证据表明，两种激素在两种成熟生理中都有不同的需求，这表明共同调节剂的再平衡和指定，而不是依赖于一种调节剂。本文讨论了与激素活性和串扰的分子基础相关的许多最新发现，同时我们也注意到，仍有许多问题亟待解决，例如其他激素活性的分子基础、表观基因组变化的作用，以及先前的发现如何转化为众多被子植物物种。
