Fancher R E
J Hist Behav Sci. 1977 Jul;13(3):207-27.
Brentano's Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and Freud's early metapsychology, particularly the Project for a Scientific Psychology, show some interesting similarities. In psychological theory, both men stressed the motivated nature of thought and a conception of a "psychological reality" that is superior to "material reality." Both saw consciousness of one's own mental activity as arising retrospectively and having a calming effect on emotions. Both emphasized a process of "judgment" or "reality testing," made possible only by the presence of a strong unity of consciousness of ego. Methodologically, both agreed that the retrospective analysis of subjective experience is the principal tool of psychology. Freud eventually agreed with Brentano that psychology proceeds best when separated from physiology. They applied similar criteria to "proofs" of the unconscious, with Brentano concluding negatively, and Freud, positvely, after considering new evidence. This article considers the similarities and concludes that they suggest some sort of influence of Brentano on Freud.
布伦塔诺的《从经验立场出发的心理学》与弗洛伊德早期的元心理学，尤其是《科学心理学大纲》，展现出一些有趣的相似之处。在心理学理论中，两人都强调思想的动机本质以及一种优于“物质现实”的“心理现实”概念。两人都认为对自身心理活动的意识是追溯性产生的，并且对情绪有平复作用。两人都强调了“判断”或“现实检验”的过程，而这只有在自我意识高度统一的情况下才有可能实现。在方法论上，两人都认同对主观经验的追溯性分析是心理学的主要工具。弗洛伊德最终认同布伦塔诺的观点，即心理学与生理学分离时发展得最好。他们对无意识的“证据”采用了相似的标准，布伦塔诺得出了否定的结论，而弗洛伊德在考虑新证据后得出了肯定的结论。本文探讨了这些相似之处，并得出结论认为它们表明布伦塔诺对弗洛伊德产生了某种影响。
