Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
J Autoimmun. 2021 Feb;117:102576. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102576. Epub 2020 Dec 1.
In the wide field of nutraceuticals, the effects of mushrooms on immunity, cancer and including autoimmunity have been proposed for centuries but in recent years a growing interest has led scientists to elucidate which specific compounds have bioactive properties and through which mechanisms. Glucans and specific proteins are responsible for most of the biological effects of mushrooms, particularly in terms of immunomodulatory and anti-tumor results. Proteins with bioactive effects include lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs), ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs), ribonucleases, laccases, among others. At the present status of knowledge, numerous studies have been performed on cell lines and murine models while only a few clinical trials have been conducted. As in most cases of dietary components, the multitude of variables implicated in the final effect and an inadequate standardization are expected to affect the observed differences, thus making the available evidence insufficient to justify the treatment of human diseases with mushrooms extracts. We will herein provide a comprehensive review and critically discussion the biochemical changes induced by different mushroom compounds as observed in in vitro studies, particularly on macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells, compared to in vivo and human studies. Additional effects are represented by lipids which constitute a minor part of mushrooms but may have a role in reducing serum cholesterol levels or phenols acting as antioxidant and reducing agents. Human studies provide a minority of available data, as well illustrated by a placebo-controlled study of athletes treated with β-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus. Variables influencing study outcomes include different mushrooms strains, growing conditions, developmental stage, part of mushroom used, extraction method, and storage conditions. We foresee that future rigorous research will be needed to determine the potential of mushroom compounds for human health to reproduce the effects of some compounds such as lentinan which a metaanalysis demonstrated to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in the treatment of lung cancer and in the improvement of the patients quality of life.
在营养保健品领域，几个世纪以来，人们一直推测蘑菇对免疫、癌症，包括自身免疫的影响，但近年来，人们的兴趣日益浓厚，促使科学家们阐明哪些特定化合物具有生物活性，以及通过哪些机制产生作用。多糖和特定蛋白质是蘑菇产生大多数生物学作用的原因，尤其是在免疫调节和抗肿瘤方面。具有生物活性的蛋白质包括凝集素、真菌免疫调节蛋白（FIPs）、核糖体失活蛋白（RIPs）、核糖核酸酶、漆酶等。在目前的知识状态下，已经在细胞系和小鼠模型上进行了大量研究，而只有少数临床试验。由于在大多数情况下，膳食成分的多种变量都与最终效果有关，而且标准化程度不足，预计会影响观察到的差异，因此现有的证据不足以证明用蘑菇提取物治疗人类疾病是合理的。本文将全面综述和批判性讨论不同蘑菇化合物在体外研究中观察到的生化变化，特别是在巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T 细胞和 NK 细胞方面，与体内和人体研究进行比较。脂质也是一个额外的作用，它构成了蘑菇的一小部分，但可能在降低血清胆固醇水平或作为抗氧化剂和还原剂的酚类物质方面发挥作用。人体研究提供了少数可用数据，运动员接受糙皮侧耳 β-葡聚糖治疗的安慰剂对照研究很好地说明了这一点。影响研究结果的变量包括不同的蘑菇菌株、生长条件、发育阶段、使用的蘑菇部分、提取方法和储存条件。我们预计，未来需要进行严格的研究，以确定蘑菇化合物对人类健康的潜力，以重现一些化合物的效果，如香菇多糖，荟萃分析表明香菇多糖可以提高化疗治疗肺癌的疗效，并改善患者的生活质量。
