Institute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life Quality Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
Computational Sensing Systems, Department of Engineering Technology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Expert Rev Med Devices. 2021 Jan;18(1):47-62. doi: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1860750. Epub 2020 Dec 16.
: Research proves that the apprenticeship model, which is the gold standard for training surgical residents, is obsolete. For that reason, there is a continuing effort toward the development of high-fidelity surgical simulators to replace the apprenticeship model. Applying Virtual Reality Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) in surgical simulators increases the fidelity, level of immersion and overall experience of these simulators.: The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of VR, AR and MR for distinct surgical disciplines, including maxillofacial surgery and neurosurgery. The current developments in these areas, as well as potential future directions, are discussed.: The key components for incorporating VR into surgical simulators are visual and haptic rendering. These components ensure that the user is completely immersed in the virtual environment and can interact in the same way as in the physical world. The key components for the application of AR and MR into surgical simulators include the tracking system as well as the visual rendering. The advantages of these surgical simulators are the ability to perform user evaluations and increase the training frequency of surgical residents.
研究证明，学徒模式作为培训外科住院医师的黄金标准已经过时。因此，人们一直在努力开发高保真手术模拟器来替代学徒模式。在手术模拟器中应用虚拟现实（VR）、增强现实（AR）和混合现实（MR）可以提高这些模拟器的逼真度、沉浸度和整体体验。
本综述的目的是全面概述 VR、AR 和 MR 在包括颌面外科和神经外科在内的不同外科专业中的应用。讨论了这些领域的当前发展以及潜在的未来方向。
将 VR 纳入手术模拟器的关键组件是视觉和触觉呈现。这些组件确保用户完全沉浸在虚拟环境中，并能够以与物理世界相同的方式进行交互。将 AR 和 MR 应用于手术模拟器的关键组件包括跟踪系统和视觉呈现。这些手术模拟器的优点是能够进行用户评估并增加外科住院医师的培训频率。
