虚拟现实和增强现实在生物医学工程中的应用。

BACKGROUND: In the future, extended reality technology will be widely used. People will be led to utilize virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies in their daily lives, hobbies, numerous types of entertainment, and employment. Medical augmented reality has evolved with applications ranging from medical education to picture-guided surgery. Moreover, a bulk of research is focused on clinical applications, with the majority of research devoted to surgery or intervention, followed by rehabilitation and treatment applications. Numerous studies have also looked into the use of augmented reality in medical education and training. METHODS: Using the databases Semantic Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect, a scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. To find other articles, a manual search was also carried out in Google Scholar. This study presents studies carried out over the previous 14 years (from 2009 to 2023) in detail. We classify this area of study into the following categories: (1) AR and VR in surgery, which is presented in the following subsections: subsection A: MR in neurosurgery; subsection B: spine surgery; subsection C: oral and maxillofacial surgery; and subsection D: AR-enhanced human-robot interaction; (2) AR and VR in medical education presented in the following subsections; subsection A: medical training; subsection B: schools and curriculum; subsection C: XR in Biomedicine; (3) AR and VR for rehabilitation presented in the following subsections; subsection A: stroke rehabilitation during COVID-19; subsection B: cancer and VR, and (4) Millimeter-wave and MIMO systems for AR and VR. RESULTS: In total, 77 publications were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Four distinct AR and/or VR applications groups could be differentiated: AR and VR in surgery (N = 21), VR and AR in Medical Education (N = 30), AR and VR for Rehabilitation (N = 15), and Millimeter-Wave and MIMO Systems for AR and VR (N = 7), where N is number of cited studies. We found that the majority of research is devoted to medical training and education, with surgical or interventional applications coming in second. The research is mostly focused on rehabilitation, therapy, and clinical applications. Moreover, the application of XR in MIMO has been the subject of numerous research. CONCLUSION: Examples of these diverse fields of applications are displayed in this review as follows: (1) augmented reality and virtual reality in surgery; (2) augmented reality and virtual reality in medical education; (3) augmented reality and virtual reality for rehabilitation; and (4) millimeter-wave and MIMO systems for augmented reality and virtual reality.

背景：未来，扩展现实技术将得到广泛应用。人们将在日常生活、爱好、各种娱乐和就业中使用虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）技术。医学增强现实技术已经发展到涵盖从医学教育到图像引导手术等各种应用。此外，大量研究专注于临床应用，其中大部分研究致力于手术或介入，其次是康复和治疗应用。许多研究还探讨了在医学教育和培训中使用增强现实的问题。

方法：根据 PRISMA（系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）标准，使用 Semantic Scholar、Web of Science、Scopus、IEEE Xplore 和 ScienceDirect 等数据库进行了范围审查。为了查找其他文章，还在 Google Scholar 中进行了手动搜索。本研究详细介绍了过去 14 年（2009 年至 2023 年）开展的研究。我们将该研究领域分为以下几类：（1）手术中的 AR 和 VR，分为以下几个小节：A 节：神经外科中的磁共振成像；B 节：脊柱外科；C 节：口腔颌面外科；D 节：增强现实的人机交互；（2）医学教育中的 AR 和 VR，分为以下几个小节：A 节：医学培训；B 节：学校和课程；C 节：生物医学中的 XR；（3）康复中的 AR 和 VR，分为以下几个小节：A 节：COVID-19 期间的中风康复；B 节：癌症和 VR；（4）用于 AR 和 VR 的毫米波和 MIMO 系统。

结果：根据纳入标准，共选择了 77 篇出版物。可以区分出四个不同的 AR 和/或 VR 应用组：手术中的 AR 和/或 VR（N = 21）、医学教育中的 VR 和 AR（N = 30）、康复中的 AR 和 VR（N = 15）以及 AR 和 VR 的毫米波和 MIMO 系统（N = 7），其中 N 是引用研究的数量。我们发现，大多数研究都致力于医学培训和教育，其次是手术或介入应用。研究主要集中在康复、治疗和临床应用上。此外，XR 在 MIMO 中的应用已经成为众多研究的主题。

结论：本综述展示了这些不同应用领域的示例如下：（1）手术中的增强现实和虚拟现实；（2）医学教育中的增强现实和虚拟现实；（3）康复中的增强现实和虚拟现实；（4）增强现实和虚拟现实的毫米波和 MIMO 系统。