Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 25;757:143720. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143720. Epub 2020 Nov 21.
Environmental exposure risk to different xenobiotics, which can potentially alter the function of the endocrine system, remains a great health and safety concern for aquatic species and humans. Steroid hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been identified as important aquatic contaminants due to their widespread occurrence in surface waters and their endocrine disrupting properties. Heavily populated areas in South Florida not served by municipal wastewater collection present an unexpected high risk of anthropogenic contaminants to nearby coastal systems through surface runoff and groundwater flow. Previous studies in South Florida have been largely concentrated on assessing the relevance of the fate and transport of inorganic nutrients, heavy metals and pesticides with regulatory criteria. Therefore, a significant gap exists in assessing occurrence, distribution and biological significance of the presence of human related organic contaminants in natural surface waters. In this study, we have developed a fast and sensitive online solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-HRMS) method using a Q-Exactive system for the determination of the occurrence and distribution of selected wastewater tracers/indicators, recalcitrant PPCPs and steroid hormones in South Florida surface waters. Seasonal and spatial variations of these contaminants were monitored from 2017 to 2019. The presence of total coliforms and E. coli were also evaluated in order to further assess water quality. Correlations between hormones and anthropogenic tracers were explored to better elucidate the sources, pathways and exposure risks to these contaminants. Caffeine, sucralose, Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and carbamazepine were frequently detected in the water samples, which is indicative of extensive wastewater intrusion impacting the surface water. Estrone (E1), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and 17-α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) levels found in surface water raises concern of potential endocrine disruption effects in the aquatic ecosystem. Hazard quotient has been calculated to identify areas with high ecological risks to aquatic organisms.
环境暴露于不同的外源性化学物质的风险，这些物质可能会改变内分泌系统的功能，这仍然是水生生物和人类健康和安全的一个重大关切。由于类固醇激素、药品和个人护理产品 (PPCPs) 在地表水中广泛存在且具有内分泌干扰特性，因此被确定为重要的水生污染物。南佛罗里达州没有市政废水收集系统的人口密集地区，通过地表径流和地下水流动，对附近的沿海系统造成了出人意料的人为污染物高风险。南佛罗里达州的先前研究主要集中在评估无机养分、重金属和农药的归宿和迁移与监管标准的相关性上。因此，在评估自然地表水中与人类相关的有机污染物的存在、分布和生物学意义方面存在显著差距。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种快速灵敏的在线固相萃取后液相色谱-高分辨率质谱（SPE-LC-HRMS）方法，使用 Q-Exactive 系统测定南佛罗里达州地表水中选定的废水示踪剂/指示剂、难处理的 PPCPs 和类固醇激素的存在和分布。从 2017 年到 2019 年，监测了这些污染物的季节性和空间变化。还评估了总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌的存在，以进一步评估水质。探讨了激素与人为示踪剂之间的相关性，以更好地阐明这些污染物的来源、途径和暴露风险。咖啡因、三氯蔗糖、N,N-二乙基间甲苯酰胺（DEET）和卡马西平经常在水样中被检测到，这表明广泛的废水入侵影响了地表水。在地表水中发现的雌酮（E1）、17-β-雌二醇（E2）和 17-α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）水平引起了对水生生态系统潜在内分泌干扰影响的关注。危害系数已被计算出来，以确定对水生生物具有高生态风险的区域。
