Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 25;757:143775. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143775. Epub 2020 Nov 24.
China issued a series of control measures to mitigate PM pollution, including long-term (i.e., Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, APPCAP) and short-term (emergency measures in autumn and winter) acts. However, the O concentration increased significantly as PM levels sharply decreased when these measures were implemented. Therefore, the policy-driven positive/negative health effects of PM/O need to be comprehensively estimated. The health impact function (HIF) is applied to evaluate the health burden attributable to long- and short-term PM and O exposure. The results show that the PM concentration decreased by 42.95% in 74 cities, whereas O pollution is increased by 17.56% from 2013 to 2018. Compared with 2013, the number of premature deaths attributable to long- and short-term PM exposure decreased by almost 5.31 × 10 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.87 × 10-4.71 × 10) (10.13%) and 3.00 × 10 (95% CI: 1.66 × 10-4.39 × 10) (72.49%), respectively, in 2018. In contrast, O-attributable deaths, increased by 1.98 × 10 (95% CI: 0.31 × 10-3.59 × 10) (130.57%) and 0.91 × 10 (95% CI: 0.50 × 10-1.33 × 10) (76.16%) for long- and short-term exposure, respectively. The number of avoidable deaths attributed to PM reduction is larger than the level of premature deaths related to increasing O. Although annual mean PM concentrations have fallen rapidly, the benefits of reducing long-term exposure are limited, whereas the deaths associated with acute exposure decrease more significantly due to the reduction of heavy-pollution days by implementing emergency measures. The results show appreciable effectiveness in protecting human health and illustrate that synchronous control of PM and O pollution should be emphasized.
中国发布了一系列控制措施来减轻 PM 污染，包括长期（即《大气污染防治行动计划》，APPCAP）和短期（秋冬应急措施）措施。然而，当这些措施实施时，O 浓度显著增加，而 PM 水平急剧下降。因此，需要综合评估政策驱动的 PM/O 的积极/负面影响。健康影响函数（HIF）用于评估长期和短期 PM 和 O 暴露对健康的负担。结果表明，2013 年至 2018 年，74 个城市的 PM 浓度下降了 42.95%，而 O 污染增加了 17.56%。与 2013 年相比，长期和短期 PM 暴露导致的过早死亡人数分别减少了近 5.31×10（95%置信区间[CI]：2.87×10-4.71×10）（10.13%）和 3.00×10（95%CI：1.66×10-4.39×10）（72.49%），而 O 归因死亡人数则分别增加了 1.98×10（95%CI：0.31×10-3.59×10）（130.57%）和 0.91×10（95%CI：0.50×10-1.33×10）（76.16%），分别为长期和短期暴露。由于减少 PM 导致的可避免死亡人数超过了由于 O 增加导致的过早死亡人数。尽管年平均 PM 浓度迅速下降，但由于实施应急措施减少了重污染天数，因此长期暴露的减少带来的好处有限，而急性暴露导致的死亡人数下降更为显著。结果表明，在保护人类健康方面具有显著的效果，说明应强调同步控制 PM 和 O 污染。
