Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Open Biol. 2020 Dec;10(12):200307. doi: 10.1098/rsob.200307. Epub 2020 Dec 9.
The genus and comprise a monophyletic clade of highly abundant globally distributed fungi that can transition between long-term beneficial associations with plants to transitory pathogenic associations with frequently encountered protozoans, nematodes or insects. Some very common 'specialist generalist' species are adapted to particular soil and plant ecologies, but can overpower a wide spectrum of insects with numerous enzymes and toxins that result from extensive gene duplications made possible by loss of meiosis and associated genome defence mechanisms. These species use parasexuality instead of sex to combine beneficial mutations from separate clonal individuals into one genome (Vicar of Bray dynamics). More weakly endophytic species which kill a narrow range of insects retain sexuality to facilitate host-pathogen coevolution (Red Queen dynamics). species can fit into numerous environments because they are very flexible at the genetic, physiological and ecological levels, providing tractable models to address how new mechanisms for econutritional heterogeneity, host switching and virulence are acquired and relate to diverse sexual life histories and speciation. Many new molecules and functions have been discovered that underpin associations, and have furthered our understanding of the crucial ecology of these fungi in multiple habitats.
和 属包含一个在全球分布广泛且高度丰富的单系真菌类群，它们可以在与植物的长期有益共生和与经常遇到的原生动物、线虫或昆虫的短暂致病共生之间转变。一些非常常见的“专家通才”物种适应于特定的土壤和植物生态系统，但可以利用大量基因重复产生的众多酶和毒素来克服广泛的昆虫，这些基因重复是由减数分裂和相关的基因组防御机制的丧失所促成的。这些物种利用假减数分裂而不是性来将来自不同克隆个体的有益突变组合到一个基因组中（Bray 牧师动态）。更弱的内生性物种会杀死狭窄范围的昆虫，但保留了有性繁殖能力，以促进宿主-病原体共同进化（红皇后动态）。 物种能够适应众多环境，因为它们在遗传、生理和生态水平上非常灵活，为解决新的经济营养异质性、宿主转换和毒力获得机制以及与多样化的有性生活史和物种形成的关系提供了可行的模型。已经发现了许多新的分子和功能，这些分子和功能支撑着 与植物的共生关系，并进一步加深了我们对这些真菌在多种生境中的关键生态的理解。
