Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2021 Mar;253:110864. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110864. Epub 2020 Dec 7.
This graphical review highlights a focused application of a key principle ('Krogh Principle') identified by Nobel-prize winning physiologist Professor August Krogh (1874-1949) that states "for many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied". We apply the Krogh Principle to human physiology by proposing that "for many problems there is a unique group of humans on which it can be most conveniently studied". As such, we present 5 unique human case studies. Case 1 discusses whether signals from exercising muscles cause blood pressure to rise using a patient with a spinal cord lesion. Case 2 investigates the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the blood pressure response to exercise using patients who have undergone sympathectomy for hypertension. Case 3 asks whether increases in blood lactate are necessary for the non-linear increase in breathing with heavy exercise using patients with McArdle's disease. Case 4 applies fundamental scaling principles from comparative physiology to elite athletes to investigate the role of body size on maximal aerobic capacity. Finally, Case 5 describes our recent work that investigates whether a left shift in the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve can facilitate hypoxic exercise using patients with left-shifted hemoglobinopathies. In summary, we have expanded the inter-species message of the August Krogh Principle and highlighted the need to search for odd examples and experiments of nature. In this context, observations from unusual humans are a source of insights into physiology, which may be translated into therapeutic approaches for disease.
这篇图形综述重点介绍了诺贝尔奖获得者生理学家 August Krogh 教授提出的一个关键原则（“Krogh 原则”）的具体应用，该原则指出“对于许多问题，有一种动物最适合研究”。我们通过提出“对于许多问题，有一种独特的人类群体最适合研究”，将 Krogh 原则应用于人类生理学。因此，我们提出了 5 个独特的人类案例研究。案例 1 讨论了使用患有脊髓损伤的患者，运动肌肉发出的信号是否会导致血压升高。案例 2 使用已经接受交感神经切除术治疗高血压的患者，研究交感神经系统在运动时血压反应中的作用。案例 3 询问患有 McArdle 病的患者，在剧烈运动时呼吸非线性增加是否需要增加血乳酸。案例 4 将来自比较生理学的基本缩放原理应用于精英运动员，以研究体型对最大有氧能力的作用。最后，案例 5 描述了我们最近的工作，即使用血红蛋白病患者，研究氧合血红蛋白解离曲线的左移是否可以促进缺氧运动。总之，我们扩展了 August Krogh 原则的种间信息，并强调需要寻找自然的异常实例和实验。在这种情况下，来自异常人类的观察结果是生理学见解的来源，这些见解可能转化为疾病的治疗方法。
