Aida Sarač-Hadžihalilović, Zurifa Ajanović, Ilvana Hasanbegović, Senad Šljuka, Maida Rakanović-Todić, Izeta Aganović, Kapo Sanita Maleškić, Rifat Hadžiselimović
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020 Dec;27(12):3415-3420. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.019. Epub 2020 Sep 17.
Sex differences are present in all parts of the body, including the skeletal system. Several methods are used to analyze the sex differences of skeleton, while more recently, a new method called geometric morphometry has been used. The aim of this study was to examine the sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles on human skulls originating from the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina using the geometric morphometric method.
The study was conducted on 214 human skulls of known gender from Bosnian population. For analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles, we used geometric morphometry, where all the skulls were scanned to obtain three-dimensional skull models. On the obtained models, we marked anthropometric points on occipital condyles in a Landmark Editor program from which we exported data in the form NTSYS file and analyzed it in MorphoJ program.
First principal component PC1 describes 26.917% of total variability, the second principal component PC2 describes 20.992% of total variability, while the first eight principal components together describe 100% of total variability. The greatest variability between the male skulls and female skulls was present in the anterior-posterior diameter (length of occipital condyles). Discriminant functional analysis of the shape and size of the occipital condyles was possible with 69.50% accuracy for male skulls and with 60.27% accuracy for female skulls. The size of the occipital condyles showed a statistically significant effect on sexual determination. Discriminant functional analysis of the shape of the occipital condyles without affecting size enabled the determination of gender with with 65.96% accuracy for male skulls and with 63.01% accuracy for female skulls.
Analysis of sexual dimorphism of occipital condyles using geometric morphometry showed statistically significant differences in the shape and size of occipital condyles between the sexes. The accuracy of sex determination based on occipital condyles was higher for male gender.
性别差异存在于身体的各个部位，包括骨骼系统。有多种方法用于分析骨骼的性别差异，而最近，一种名为几何形态测量学的新方法被采用。本研究的目的是使用几何形态测量法研究源自波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那人群的人类头骨枕髁的两性异形。
本研究对214个已知性别的波斯尼亚人群的人类头骨进行。为了分析枕髁的两性异形，我们使用了几何形态测量学，对所有头骨进行扫描以获得三维头骨模型。在获得的模型上，我们在地标编辑器程序中标记枕髁上的人体测量点，从中我们以NTSYS文件的形式导出数据，并在MorphoJ程序中进行分析。
第一主成分PC1描述了总变异性的26.917%，第二主成分PC2描述了总变异性的20.992%，而前八个主成分共同描述了总变异性的100%。男性头骨和女性头骨之间最大的变异性存在于前后径（枕髁长度）。对枕髁的形状和大小进行判别函数分析，男性头骨的准确率为69.50%，女性头骨的准确率为60.27%。枕髁的大小对性别判定有统计学显著影响。在不影响大小的情况下对枕髁形状进行判别函数分析，男性头骨的性别判定准确率为65.96%，女性头骨的准确率为63.01%。
使用几何形态测量法分析枕髁的两性异形显示，两性之间枕髁的形状和大小存在统计学显著差异。基于枕髁的性别判定准确率男性更高。
