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2006 年至 2016 年巴西的杀人罪免责。

Homicide impunity in Brazil between 2006 and 2016.

机构信息

Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Curso de Enfermagem. Departamento de Saúde. Feira de Santana, BA, Brasil.

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Medicina Social. Departamento de Epidemiologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.

出版信息

Rev Saude Publica. 2020 Dec 11;54:144. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002284. eCollection 2020.

DOI:10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002284
PMID:33331422
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7702386/
Abstract

OBJECTIVE

To describe the level and temporal trends of homicide impunity in Brazil.

METHODS

This is an ecological study that calculated two impunity indexes by dividing the total number of homicides committed in a 5-year period by the number of individuals arrested for murder (homicide impunity) or any other cause (general impunity) two years after this period. The Prais-Winsten linear regression model with serial autocorrelation correction was used to estimate the temporal trend of the impunity indexes.

RESULTS

Between 2009 and 2014, 328,714 homicides were recorded in Brazil, but only 84,539 prisoners were serving sentences for this kind of crime in 2016. This shows that the number of homicides in Brazil exceeded in 244,175 the number of individuals in prisons for this crime. The impunity index ranged from 3.9 in 2006 to 3.3 in 2014. All states reached values above 1. Rio de Janeiro stood out negatively, with values above 20. São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Distrito Federal showed the lowest impunity indexes for homicide, with values below 2. Eight states showed a downward trend in the overall impunity index.

CONCLUSIONS

Most Brazilian states presented extremely high impunity indexes values. However, from 2010 to 2012, Brazilian society started to effectively combat impunity for serious violent crimes, including homicide. In São Paulo, this positive trend arose in the mid-1990s and that state currently shows impunity indexes values similar to those of developed countries.

摘要

目的

描述巴西杀人罪免责的水平和时间趋势。

方法

这是一项生态研究，通过将 5 年内发生的总凶杀案数量除以该期间后两年因谋杀（杀人罪免责）或任何其他原因（一般免责）被捕的人数，计算出两个免责指数。使用带有序列自相关校正的 Prais-Winsten 线性回归模型来估计免责指数的时间趋势。

结果

2009 年至 2014 年间，巴西共记录了 328714 起凶杀案，但 2016 年仅 84539 名囚犯因此类犯罪服刑。这表明巴西的凶杀案数量超过了 244175 人入狱。免责指数范围从 2006 年的 3.9 到 2014 年的 3.3。所有州的数值都超过 1。里约热内卢的数值尤为突出，超过 20。圣保罗、圣卡塔琳娜和联邦区的凶杀罪免责指数最低，低于 2。有 8 个州的整体免责指数呈下降趋势。

结论

大多数巴西州的免责指数值极高。然而，从 2010 年到 2012 年，巴西社会开始有效地打击包括凶杀罪在内的严重暴力犯罪的免责现象。圣保罗州在 20 世纪 90 年代中期出现了这一积极趋势，目前该州的免责指数值与发达国家相似。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/c8acfe213623/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf02-pt.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/7626c9d6e2eb/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf01.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/c37ed50473b5/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf02.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/66772a6b0c38/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf01-pt.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/c8acfe213623/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf02-pt.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/7626c9d6e2eb/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf01.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/c37ed50473b5/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf02.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/66772a6b0c38/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf01-pt.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/1c2b/7702386/c8acfe213623/1518-8787-rsp-54-144-gf02-pt.jpg

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本文引用的文献

1
Homicide and impunity: an ecological analysis at state level in Brazil.杀人罪与免责：巴西州一级的生态分析
Rev Saude Publica. 2009 Oct;43(5):733-42. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102009000500001.
2
The relative contribution of income inequality and imprisonment to the variation in homicide rates among Developed (OECD), South and Central American countries.收入不平等和监禁对发达国家（经合组织）、南美洲和中美洲国家凶杀率差异的相对贡献。
Soc Sci Med. 2009 Nov;69(9):1343-50. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.013. Epub 2009 Sep 4.
3
[Increased incarceration rate and reduction in homicides in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 to 2005].
[1996年至2005年巴西圣保罗监禁率上升与凶杀案减少]
Cad Saude Publica. 2009 Aug;25(8):1859-64. doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009000800022.