Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Department of Science, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey.
Water Res. 2021 Feb 15;190:116729. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116729. Epub 2020 Dec 6.
Wastewater-based drug monitoring is a complementary tool that has been used worldwide in recent years, and many cities have periodically reported monitoring results. However, this study is the first to analyze drugs in wastewater in a single city with a high population during four periods simultaneously from 14 treatment plants. The aim was to estimate the consumption of conventional illicit drugs [amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, cocaine, and heroin], tobacco, and alcohol in 2019 for quarterly periods in Istanbul city, which has a population of almost 20 million, to aid in implementing evidence-based measures. Additionally, the seasonal variations among the 14 wastewater treatment plants and their weekday/weekend comparison of drug use patterns and consumption per substance were examined. Solid phase extraction was followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a previously validated method was enhanced by adding new parameters (morphine, cotinine, and ethyl sulfate), and satisfactory results were obtained. In this study, alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis had the highest estimated per capita consumption with mean values of 29655.3 mL/1000 inh/day, 5507.6 mg/1000 inh/day and 3607.0 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively. These results were followed by heroin and cocaine consumption with mean values of 557.0 and 200.9 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively, whereas AMP-type stimulants had the lowest values among the targeted substances. METH and cannabis were also highly consumed drugs when compared with the results of other metropolitan cities, whereas heroin consumption was remarkably high owing to Turkey's location on a possible heroin trafficking route. Because Istanbul is the business center of the country and has the potential to attract tourists in all four seasons, meaningful seasonal consumption differences were not observed for all substances.
基于污水的药物监测是近年来在全球范围内使用的一种补充工具，许多城市都定期报告监测结果。然而，这项研究是首次分析单一城市（伊斯坦布尔）污水中药物的情况，该城市人口众多，从 14 个处理厂同时在四个时期进行分析。目的是估算 2019 年四个季度中常规非法药物（安非他命（AMP）、甲基苯丙胺（METH）、3,4-亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）、大麻、可卡因和海洛因）、烟草和酒精在该市的消费情况，以协助实施基于证据的措施。此外，还检查了 14 个污水处理厂之间的季节性变化以及它们在工作日/周末的药物使用模式和每种物质的消耗比较。采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法，并通过添加新参数（吗啡、可替宁和硫酸乙酯）对先前验证的方法进行了改进，获得了令人满意的结果。在这项研究中，酒精、尼古丁和大麻的人均估计消耗量最高，平均值分别为 29655.3 毫升/1000 吸入/天、5507.6 毫克/1000 吸入/天和 3607.0 毫克/1000 吸入/天。其次是海洛因和可卡因的消耗量，平均值分别为 557.0 毫克/1000 吸入/天和 200.9 毫克/1000 吸入/天，而 AMP 类兴奋剂在目标物质中的消耗量最低。与其他大都市的结果相比，METH 和大麻也是消耗量较高的药物，而海洛因的消耗量高是由于土耳其位于可能的海洛因贩运路线上。由于伊斯坦布尔是该国的商业中心，并且在四个季节都有吸引游客的潜力，因此所有物质都没有观察到有意义的季节性消耗差异。
