Tourillon Romain, Gojanovic Boris, Fourchet François
Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, IFM3R, Saint-Sébastien sur Loire, France.
Front Sports Act Living. 2019 Oct 11;1:46. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00046. eCollection 2019.
The foot is a complex system with multiple degrees of freedom that play an essential role in running or sprinting. The intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) are the main local stabilizers of the foot and are part of the active and neural subsystems that constitute the foot core. These muscles lengthen eccentrically during the stance phase of running before shortening at the propulsion phase, as the arch recoils in parallel to the plantar fascia. They play a key role in supporting the medial longitudinal arch, providing flexibility, stability and shock absorption to the foot, whilst partially controlling pronation. Much of the foot rigidity in late stance has been attributed to the windlass mechanism - the dorsiflexion of the toes building tension up in the plantar aponeurosis and stiffening the foot. In addition, recent studies have shown that the IFM provide a necessary active contribution in late stance, in order to develop sufficient impedance in the metatarsal-phalangeal joints. This in turn facilitates the propulsive forces at push-off. These factors support the critical role of the foot in providing rigidity and an efficient lever at push-off. During running or sprinting, athletes need to generate and maintain the highest (linear) running velocity during a single effort in a sprinting lane. Acceleration and sprinting performance requires forces to be transmitted efficiently to the ground. It may be of particular interest to strengthen foot muscles to maintain and improve an optimal capacity to generate and absorb these forces. The current evidence supports multiple exercises to achieve higher strength in the foot, such as the "short foot exercise," doming, toes curl, towing exercises or the more dynamic hopping exercises, or even barefoot running. Their real impact on foot muscle strength remains unclear and data related to its assessment remains scarce, despite a recognized need for this, especially before and after a strengthening intervention. It would be optimal to be able to assess it. In this article, we aim to provide the track and field community with an updated review on the current modalities available for foot strength assessment and training. We present recommendations for the incorporation of foot muscles training for performance and injury prevention in track and field.
足部是一个具有多个自由度的复杂系统，在跑步或短跑中起着至关重要的作用。足部固有肌（IFM）是足部主要的局部稳定肌，是构成足部核心的主动和神经子系统的一部分。在跑步的支撑阶段，这些肌肉会离心拉长，然后在推进阶段缩短，同时足弓会与足底筋膜平行回弹。它们在支撑内侧纵弓、为足部提供灵活性、稳定性和减震功能以及部分控制内旋方面发挥着关键作用。站立后期足部的大部分刚性归因于绞盘机制——脚趾背屈会在足底腱膜中产生张力，从而使足部变硬。此外，最近的研究表明，IFM在站立后期提供了必要的主动作用，以便在跖趾关节中产生足够的阻抗。这反过来又有助于在蹬地时产生推进力。这些因素支持了足部在蹬地时提供刚性和有效杠杆作用的关键作用。在跑步或短跑过程中，运动员需要在短跑跑道上单次发力时产生并保持最高（线性）跑步速度。加速和短跑表现需要力量有效地传递到地面。加强足部肌肉以维持和提高产生及吸收这些力量的最佳能力可能会特别有意义。目前的证据支持多种锻炼方式来增强足部力量，例如“短足锻炼”、穹顶动作、脚趾卷曲、牵引锻炼或更具动态性的跳跃锻炼，甚至是赤脚跑步。尽管人们认识到有必要进行这种评估，尤其是在强化干预前后，但它们对足部肌肉力量的实际影响仍不明确，且与其评估相关的数据仍然很少。能够进行评估将是最佳选择。在本文中，我们旨在为田径界提供关于当前可用的足部力量评估和训练方式的最新综述。我们提出了将足部肌肉训练纳入田径运动表现和损伤预防的建议。
