Talsnes Rune Kjøsen, van den Tillaar Roland, Cai Xudan, Sandbakk Øyvind
Meråker High School, Trøndelag County Council, Steinkjer, Norway.
Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Sep 8;2:114. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00114. eCollection 2020.
Individual training responses among endurance athletes are determined by a complex interplay between training load, recovery and genetic influence. The present study used a multidisciplinary approach to compare high- and low-responders following a 6-month training period in endurance athletes transferring to cross-country (XC) skiing. Twenty-three endurance-trained athletes (14 runners and 9 rowers/kayakers; 14 men and 9 women) were classified as high ( = 9) or low-responders ( = 11) based on pre- to post changes in treadmill running, roller-ski skating and double-poling ergometry performances following 6-months of standardized XC ski-specific training. Physiological and technical capacities during these same modes were monitored pre and post. In addition, training volume, intensity, mode and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) training load were quantified daily. Finally, qualitative interviews of the athlete's personal coaches were performed after the intervention. There were no differences between groups with respect to physiological baseline characteristics. High-responders improved maximum oxygen uptake (VO) in treadmill running (5.5 ± 7.0% change from pre- to post) as well as peak oxygen uptake (VO; 7.3 ± 7.0%) and power output at 4 mmol·L (37.7 ± 28.2%) treadmill roller-ski skating which differed from a corresponding non-significant change in low-responders (-1.2 ± 3.6%, -2.7 ± 3.7% and 8.2 ± 12.5%; all ≤ 0.05). VO in double-poling ergometry did not change in any group, whereas gross efficiency and cycle length in roller-ski skating improved in both groups. High-responders performed greater training loads (weekly load: 3825 ± 1013 vs. 3228 ±.748 and load/volume ratio: 4.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 0.5; both ≤ 0.05) and had lower incident of injury/illness (5 ± 3 vs. 10 ± 5 days; = 0.07). Their coaches highlighted high motivation to train and compete, together with the ability to build a strong coach-athlete relationship, to separate high- from low-responders. In conclusion, high-responders to 6-months of standardized XC ski-specific training demonstrates greater improvement in maximal/peak aerobic capacity, which was coincided by higher training loads, greater perceived effort during sessions and lower incidents of injury and illness in comparison to their lower-responding counterparts. Possibly, the higher motivation and stronger coach-athlete relationships in high-responders contributed to more individually optimized training and recovery routines, and thereby more positive performance-development.
耐力运动员个体的训练反应取决于训练负荷、恢复能力和基因影响之间复杂的相互作用。本研究采用多学科方法，比较了耐力运动员向越野滑雪项目转换后，经过6个月训练期的高反应者和低反应者。23名耐力训练运动员（14名跑步运动员和9名赛艇运动员/皮划艇运动员；14名男性和9名女性）在经过6个月标准化的越野滑雪专项训练后，根据跑步机跑步、轮滑和双杖测力计测试成绩的前后变化，被分为高反应者（n = 9）或低反应者（n = 11）。在这些相同模式下的生理和技术能力在训练前后进行了监测。此外，每天对训练量、强度、模式和训练主观用力程度评分（sRPE）训练负荷进行量化。最后，在干预结束后对运动员的私人教练进行了定性访谈。两组在生理基线特征方面没有差异。高反应者在跑步机跑步中的最大摄氧量（VO₂）提高（前后变化为5.5 ± 7.0%），以及在跑步机轮滑中的峰值摄氧量（VO₂；7.3 ± 7.0%）和4 mmol·L⁻¹时的功率输出（37.7 ± 28.2%）有所改善，这与低反应者相应的无显著变化不同（-1.2 ± 3.6%，-2.7 ± 3.7%和8.2 ± 12.5%；所有p ≤ 0.05）。双杖测力计测试中的VO₂在任何一组中都没有变化，而两组在轮滑中的总效率和蹬冰周期均有所提高。高反应者的训练负荷更大（每周负荷：3825 ± 1013 vs. 3228 ± 748，负荷/体积比：4.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 0.5；两者p ≤ 0.05），并且伤病发生率更低（5 ± 3天 vs. 10 ± 5天；p = 0.07）。他们的教练强调，高反应者训练和比赛的积极性高，以及建立强大教练-运动员关系的能力，使他们与低反应者区分开来。总之，经过6个月标准化越野滑雪专项训练的高反应者，与低反应者相比，在最大/峰值有氧能力方面有更大的提高，这与更高的训练负荷、训练期间更大的主观用力程度以及更低的伤病发生率相一致。高反应者更高的积极性和更强的教练-运动员关系可能有助于更个性化地优化训练和恢复常规，从而带来更积极的成绩提升。
