Patil Jatin J, Chae Woo Hyun, Trebach Adam, Carter Ki-Jana, Lee Eric, Sannicolo Thomas, Grossman Jeffrey C
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
Adv Mater. 2021 Feb;33(5):e2004356. doi: 10.1002/adma.202004356. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
Metal nanowire (MNW)-based transparent electrode technologies have significantly matured over the last decade to become a prominent low-cost alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). Beyond reaching the same level of performance as ITO, MNW networks offer additional advantages including flexibility and low materials cost. To facilitate adoption of MNW networks as a replacement to ITO, they must overcome their inherent stability issues while maintaining their properties and cost-effectiveness. Herein, the fundamental failure mechanisms of MNW networks are discussed in detail. Recent strategies to computationally model MNWs from the nano- to macroscale and suggest future work to capture dynamic failure to unravel mechanisms that account for convolution of the failure modes are highlighted. Strategies to characterize MNW network failure in situ and postmortem are also discussed. In addition, recent work about improving the stability of MNW networks via encapsulation is discussed. Lastly, a perspective is given on how to frame the requirements of MNW-encapsulant hybrids with reference to their target applications, namely: solar cells, transparent film heaters, sensors, and displays. A cost analysis to comment on the feasibility of implementing MNW hybrids is provided, and critical areas to focus on for future work on MNW networks are suggested.
在过去十年中，基于金属纳米线（MNW）的透明电极技术已显著成熟，成为氧化铟锡（ITO）的一种重要低成本替代方案。除了达到与ITO相同的性能水平外，MNW网络还具有其他优势，包括柔韧性和低材料成本。为了便于将MNW网络用作ITO的替代品，它们必须克服其固有的稳定性问题，同时保持其性能和成本效益。在此，将详细讨论MNW网络的基本失效机制。重点介绍了从纳米尺度到宏观尺度对MNW进行计算建模的最新策略，并提出了未来的工作方向，以捕捉动态失效，从而揭示导致失效模式卷积的机制。还讨论了原位和事后表征MNW网络失效的策略。此外，还讨论了通过封装提高MNW网络稳定性的最新工作。最后，针对如何根据MNW-封装混合材料的目标应用（即太阳能电池、透明薄膜加热器、传感器和显示器）来确定其要求给出了一个观点。提供了一项成本分析，以评价实施MNW混合材料的可行性，并提出了未来MNW网络工作应关注的关键领域。
