Anirudhan Anupa, Okomoda Victor Tosin, Mimi Iryani Mat Taib, Andriani Yosie, Abd Wahid Mohd Effendy, Tan Min Pau, Danish-Daniel Muhd, Wong Li Lian, Tengku-Muhammad Tengku Sifzizul, Mok Wen Jye, Sorgeloos Patrick, Sung Yeong Yik
Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2021 Feb;109:97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.011. Epub 2020 Dec 24.
Plants and herbal extracts are indispensable for controlling the spread of disease-causing bacteria, including those that infect aquatic organisms used in aquaculture. The use of plant or herbal extract is expected to be safe for aquatic animals and less harmful to the environment, as opposed to conventional therapeutic alternatives such as antibiotics that promote the occurrence of potential antibiotic-resistant bacteria when used improperly. The efficacy of Pandanus tectorius fruit extract in the regulation of Hsp70 expression, pro-phenoloxidase (ProPO), peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase, all immune peptides essential for Vibrio tolerance in white leg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, was investigated in this study, which included the determination of the safety levels of the extract. Tolerance of shrimp against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogenic bacteria that causes Acute Hepatopancreas Necrosis Disease (AHPND), was assessed on the basis of median lethal dose challenge survival (LD50 = 10 cells/ml). Mortality was not observed 24 h after exposure of 0.5-6 g/L of the fruit extract, indicating that P. tectorius was not toxic to shrimp at these concentrations. A 24-h incubation of 2-6 g/L of the fruit extract increased shrimp tolerance to V. parahaemolyticus, with survival doubled when the maximum dose tested in this study was used. Concomitant with a rise in survival was the increase in immune-related proteins, with Hsp70, ProPO, peroxinectin, penaeidin, crustin and transglutaminase increased 10, 11, 11, 0.4, 8 and 13-fold respectively. Histological examination of the hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of Vibrio-infected shrimp primed with P. tectorius extract revealed reduced signs of histopathological degeneration, possibly due to the accumulation of Hsp70, a molecular chaperone crucial to cellular protein folding, tissue repair and immune response of living organisms, including Penaeid shrimp.
植物和草药提取物对于控制致病细菌的传播至关重要，包括那些感染水产养殖中使用的水生生物的细菌。与传统治疗方法（如抗生素）相比，使用植物或草药提取物对水生动物预计是安全的，且对环境危害较小，因为抗生素使用不当会促进潜在耐药菌的出现。本研究调查了露兜树果实提取物对凡纳滨对虾抗弧菌耐受性所必需的所有免疫肽（热休克蛋白70（Hsp70）、前酚氧化酶（ProPO）、过氧化物酶、对虾抗菌肽、甲壳素和转谷氨酰胺酶）表达的调节作用，其中包括提取物安全水平的测定。基于半数致死剂量攻击存活情况（LD50 = 10个细胞/毫升）评估了虾对副溶血性弧菌（一种导致急性肝胰腺坏死病（AHPND）的病原菌）的耐受性。暴露于0.5 - 6克/升的果实提取物24小时后未观察到死亡情况，表明在这些浓度下露兜树对虾无毒。2 - 6克/升的果实提取物孵育24小时可提高虾对副溶血性弧菌的耐受性，当使用本研究中测试的最大剂量时，存活率翻倍。存活率的提高伴随着免疫相关蛋白的增加，Hsp70、ProPO、过氧化物酶、对虾抗菌肽、甲壳素和转谷氨酰胺酶分别增加了10倍、11倍、11倍、0.4倍、8倍和13倍。对用露兜树提取物预处理的感染弧菌的虾的肝胰腺和肌肉组织进行组织学检查发现，组织病理学退化迹象减少，这可能是由于Hsp70的积累，Hsp70是一种对包括对虾在内的生物体的细胞蛋白质折叠、组织修复和免疫反应至关重要的分子伴侣。
