National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Department of Food Safety, 24 Chocimska str., 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2020;71(4):371-376. doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2020.0142.
Cereal grains and their products are among the basic components of the diet all over the world. Their consumption varies depending on the dietary habits in each country. Apart from ingredients valuable from a health point of view, these products can also be a source of contaminants. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) included these foodstuffs in the group of main contributors to the dietary exposure to nickel by different groups of the population.
The aim of the studies was to determine the nickel content in cereal grains and selected cereal products commercially available in Poland and to assess the exposure of consumers to nickel intake with these foodstuffs.
A total of 56 samples of cereal grain and cereal products from trade were tested. Nickel content was determined after microwave mineralization of the samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace atomization (GFAAS). The estimated exposure for the different groups of the population was assessed and compared with the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value established by the European Food Safety Authority based on an updated risk assessment at 13 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day.
The mean (MB) and 95th percentile (MB) nickel content in investigated samples of cereal grains and their products were 0.66 mg/kg and 1.93 mg/kg. The mean content of Ni in the analyzed samples of grains was 1.16 mg/kg. Obtained results in this group of products ranged from 0.10 mg/kg for rye to 4.80 mg/kg for millet. In the group of grain products, the mean (MB) concentration of nickel was 0.61 mg/kg (95th percentile (MB) 1.84 mg/kg). The highest nickel level was determined in the samples of bran, groats, and flakes compared to other grain-based products. The highest content of Ni in the group of cereal products was found in the samples of roasted buckwheat 1.81 mg/kg and oat flakes 2.53 mg/kg. Significantly lower nickel content was observed in barley groats as well as for pasta and flour. The estimated average exposure of adults and children to nickel intake with grains and grain-based products ranged from 1.1% to 13.4% of TDI and it does not pose a health risk for consumers.
Based on the obtained results, it was found that the nickel content in the tested samples of cereals and their products does not pose a health risk, even though the contamination of individual samples was significant.
谷物及其制品是全世界饮食的基本组成部分之一。其消费因各国饮食习惯而异。除了从健康角度来看有价值的成分外，这些产品还可能是污染物的来源。欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）将这些食品纳入了不同人群饮食中镍暴露的主要来源之一。
本研究的目的是测定波兰市售谷物和谷物制品中的镍含量，并评估消费者通过这些食品摄入镍的暴露情况。
共检测了 56 份市售谷物和谷物制品样品。通过微波消解样品，采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）测定镍含量。评估了不同人群的估计暴露量，并与欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）基于最新风险评估确定的可耐受每日摄入量（TDI）值进行了比较，该值设定为每天 13μg/kg 体重（b.w.）。
研究中谷物和谷物制品的调查样本的平均值（MB）和 95 百分位数（MB）镍含量分别为 0.66mg/kg 和 1.93mg/kg。分析的谷物样本中 Ni 的平均含量为 1.16mg/kg。该组产品中镍的含量范围从黑麦的 0.10mg/kg 到小米的 4.80mg/kg。在谷物制品组中，镍的平均（MB）浓度为 0.61mg/kg（95 百分位数（MB）为 1.84mg/kg）。与其他基于谷物的产品相比，麸皮、粗粒和薄片中的镍含量最高。在谷物制品组中，发现烤荞麦和燕麦片的镍含量最高，分别为 1.81mg/kg 和 2.53mg/kg。大麦粗粒以及面条和面粉的镍含量明显较低。成人和儿童通过谷物和谷物制品摄入镍的估计平均暴露量范围为 TDI 的 1.1%至 13.4%，不会对消费者健康构成风险。
根据研究结果，发现测试的谷物及其制品样本中的镍含量不会对健康构成风险，尽管个别样本的污染程度较高。
