Developmental Toxicity of Few-Layered Black Phosphorus toward Zebrafish.

Black phosphorus (BP) has extensive applications in various fields. The release of BP into aquatic ecosystems and the potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms are becoming major concerns. Here, we investigated the developmental toxicity of few-layered BP toward the zebrafish. We found that BP could adsorb on the surface of the chorion and could subsequently penetrate within the embryo. After exposure of embryos to 10 mg/L BP, developmental malformations appeared at 96 hpf, especially heart deformities such as pericardial edema and bradycardia, accompanied by severe circulatory system failure. Using transgenic zebrafish larvae, we further characterized cardiovascular defects with cardiac enlargement and impaired cardiac vessels as indicators of damage to the cardiovascular system upon BP exposure. We performed transcriptomic analysis on zebrafish embryos treated with a lower concentration of 2 mg/L. The results showed disruption in genes associated with muscle development, oxygen involved processes, focal adhesion, and VEGF and MAPK signaling pathways. These alterations also indicated that BP carries a risk of developmental perturbation at lower concentrations. This study provides new insights into the effects of BP on aquatic organisms.