Wardlaw G
Division of Medical Dietetics, Ohio State University, Columbus.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1988 Jan;88(1):17-25.
Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone density. The majority of Caucasian women are at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the wrist, spine, and hip. The degree of fracture risk at a specific bone site is best assessed by measuring the density of the bone with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry or with computed tomography. Bone density in women at any adult age is quite variable. Numerous diet and life-style factors are thought to influence bone density and, in turn, fracture risk. Strong evidence exists for a relationship between bone density and amenorrhea, body weight, alcoholism, smoking, and inactivity. In contrast, conflicting or insufficient evidence exists for a relationship with dietary protein, phosphorus, caffeine, and calcium intake. To minimize fracture risk, young women should have regular menses, consume a nutritionally adequate diet, perform regular physical activity, and, probably, use fluoridated water. When immediately postmenopausal, women should seriously consider estrogen replacement, since osteopenia is the rule, rather than the exception, in old age.
骨质疏松症的特征是骨密度降低。大多数白人女性有患骨质疏松症相关骨折的风险，尤其是手腕、脊柱和髋部。通过单光子和双光子吸收法或计算机断层扫描测量骨密度，能最好地评估特定骨部位的骨折风险程度。成年女性在任何年龄段的骨密度差异都很大。许多饮食和生活方式因素被认为会影响骨密度，进而影响骨折风险。有强有力的证据表明骨密度与闭经、体重、酗酒、吸烟及缺乏运动之间存在关联。相比之下，关于饮食中蛋白质、磷、咖啡因和钙的摄入量与骨密度的关系，证据相互矛盾或不充分。为将骨折风险降至最低，年轻女性应月经规律、饮食营养充足、定期进行体育活动，或许还应饮用含氟水。绝经后，女性应认真考虑雌激素替代疗法，因为老年时骨质减少是普遍现象，而非个别情况。
