Epigenetic mechanisms within the sperm epigenome and their diagnostic potential.

The sperm epigenome contains a highly unique and specialized epigenetic landscape. Insightful questions need be asked about these epigenetic signatures and their predictive potential to assess the approximately 1 in 6 couples who experience infertility. Among those couples that do experience infertility, approximately half of the cases involve a male factor. Unfortunately, there is a significant lack of effective diagnostic tools in the male infertility space and thus clinicians are left with little data upon which they can formulate data driven treatment plans. Taking together this information and the striking prevalence of male infertility it's obvious that there is a need for improved diagnostic techniques for male infertility. Many studies have identified what appear to be clinically meaningful epigenetic alterations in sperm that may add utility in the diagnoses of infertility and improvement of pregnancy outcomes. Many researchers believe that continued analysis of these various epigenetic mechanisms may provide powerful predictive insight. In fact, there is promising current data suggesting that the predictive power of DNA methylation, Nuclear Proteins, and miRNA signatures in sperm likely can improve what is currently found with traditional diagnosis of male infertility. The focus of this review is to give a brief understanding to the field of epigenetics and the potential predictive power the sperm epigenome may hold in relation to improving the treatment and diagnosis of male infertility patients.