Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, PO Box 2060, 300, CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000, DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Appetite. 2021 May 1;160:105083. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105083. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
Food parenting practices are considered to have a key influence on children's dietary habits, with potential long term effects. In this study, we explored the associations of parental feeding practices and family mealtime practices in early childhood with children's overall diet quality at school age among 3626 parents and their children in a population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Parental feeding practices (monitoring, pressure to eat, and restriction) and family mealtime practices (meal skipping behaviors and family meal frequency) at age 4 years were assessed by parental questionnaires. Children's dietary intake was assessed at age 8 years using a food-frequency questionnaire, from which diet quality scores (range 0-10) were calculated, reflecting adherence to age-specific dietary guidelines. Using multivariable linear regression models, we found that monitoring was associated with higher diet quality of children (β = 0.12; 95%CI: 0.08, 0.16), whereas pressure to eat was associated with lower diet quality (β = -0.08; 95%CI: -0.12, -0.04)), both independent of child BMI. Restriction was associated with a higher child diet quality, but this association was explained by child BMI. As compared to children who did not skip meals, children who skipped meals had a lower diet quality (e.g. breakfast skipping: β = -0.32; 95%CI: -0.48, -0.17). Similarly, children who had less frequent family meals had a lower diet quality compared with those who had family meals every day (e.g. family dinner ≤2 days/week: β = -0.37; 95%CI: -0.60, -0.14). These associations were not driven by single food groups. In conclusion, parental monitoring and family mealtime routines in early childhood may provide a supportive food environment that promotes children's overall diet quality. Longitudinal studies with repeated measurements are needed to replicate our findings.
饮食养育行为被认为对儿童的饮食习惯有重要影响，并可能产生长期影响。在这项研究中，我们在荷兰鹿特丹的一项基于人群的队列研究中，调查了 3626 对父母及其子女在儿童早期的父母喂养行为和家庭用餐实践与儿童学龄期总体饮食质量之间的关系。父母在 4 岁时通过父母问卷评估喂养行为（监控、进食压力和限制）和家庭用餐实践（用餐跳过行为和家庭用餐频率）。在 8 岁时，使用食物频率问卷评估儿童的饮食摄入情况，并计算饮食质量评分（范围为 0-10），反映对特定年龄的饮食指南的遵守情况。使用多变量线性回归模型，我们发现监控与儿童更高的饮食质量相关（β=0.12；95%CI：0.08，0.16），而进食压力与更低的饮食质量相关（β=-0.08；95%CI：-0.12，-0.04），两者均与儿童 BMI 无关。限制与儿童更高的饮食质量相关，但这种关联可以通过儿童 BMI 来解释。与不跳过餐的儿童相比，跳过餐的儿童饮食质量较低（例如不吃早餐：β=-0.32；95%CI：-0.48，-0.17）。同样，与每天都有家庭餐的儿童相比，家庭餐频率较低的儿童饮食质量较低（例如家庭晚餐每周≤2 天：β=-0.37；95%CI：-0.60，-0.14）。这些关联不受单一食物组的驱动。总之，儿童早期的父母监控和家庭用餐常规可能为促进儿童总体饮食质量提供了一个支持性的饮食环境。需要进行重复测量的纵向研究来复制我们的发现。
