Channell Doig Amara, Lipsky Leah M, Shearrer Grace, Nansel Tonja R
Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., MSC 7004, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
Appetite. 2025 Sep 1;213:108038. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.108038. Epub 2025 May 9.
Parent feeding practices influence child diet, yet studies have primarily examined these practices individually. This study examines latent profiles of parent feeding practices and tests their relations with feeding styles, child diet quality, and the home food environment. Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ, comprised of 12 subscales) assessed feeding practices in 118 parent-child dyads in North Carolina, U.S.A. Profiles of the 12 CFPQ subscales were identified using Latent Profile Analysis. Multinomial regression estimated associations of CFPQ latent profiles with the Caregiver Feeding Styles Questionnaire. ANOVA estimated associations of profile membership with the Home Food Inventory obesogenic (HFI-OB) and fruit/vegetable score (HFI-FV). Linear regression examined associations of profile membership with child Healthy Eating Index 2020(HEI) overall and separately for adequacy (HEI-adq) and moderation components (HEI-mod). Fit indices supported a three-profile model: 1-Optimal (high supportive and low controlling), 2-Mixed (high supportive and high controlling), and 3-Laissez-Faire (low supportive and moderate controlling). Feeding styles at age 3.5 years did not predict CFPQ profile membership. Child diet quality was lower in the laissez-faire profile than the optimal profile (Total HEI β = -5.85, SE = 2.98; HEI-adq β = -3.65, SE = 1.96; HEI-mod β = -2.19, SE = 1.34), but did not meet the threshold for statistical significance. HFI-OB was significantly lower in the optimal profile than the mixed profile (mean difference = -4.85, 95 %CI = -9.00, 0.70) and laissez-faire profile (mean difference = -4.68, 95 %CI = -8.40, -0.97), while HFI-FV was significantly higher for the optimal profile than laissez-faire profile (mean difference = 3.30, 95 %CI = 0.10, 6.49). The optimal feeding practices profile was associated with better diet-related outcomes compared with the other profiles. Examining profiles of parent feeding practices may improve understanding of the complex relationships of inter-related feeding practices with child diet and health outcomes.
父母的喂养方式会影响孩子的饮食，但以往研究主要是单独考察这些方式。本研究考察了父母喂养方式的潜在类别，并检验了它们与喂养风格、孩子饮食质量和家庭食物环境之间的关系。综合喂养方式问卷（CFPQ，由12个分量表组成）对美国北卡罗来纳州的118对亲子的喂养方式进行了评估。使用潜在类别分析确定了CFPQ的12个分量表的类别。多项回归估计了CFPQ潜在类别与照顾者喂养风格问卷之间的关联。方差分析估计了类别归属与家庭食物清单致肥胖性（HFI - OB）和水果/蔬菜得分（HFI - FV）之间的关联。线性回归分别考察了类别归属与孩子2020年健康饮食指数（HEI）总体以及充足性（HEI - adq）和适度性成分（HEI - mod）之间的关联。拟合指数支持一个三类别模型：1 - 最佳型（高支持性和低控制性）、2 - 混合型（高支持性和高控制性）和3 - 放任型（低支持性和适度控制性）。3.5岁时的喂养风格并不能预测CFPQ的类别归属。放任型类别中的孩子饮食质量低于最佳型（总HEI β = -5.85，标准误 = 2.98；HEI - adq β = -3.65，标准误 = 1.96；HEI - mod β = -2.19，标准误 = 1.34），但未达到统计学显著性阈值。最佳型类别中的HFI - OB显著低于混合型（平均差异 = -4.85，95%置信区间 = -9.00，0.70）和放任型（平均差异 = -4.68，95%置信区间 = -8.40，-0.97），而最佳型类别的HFI - FV显著高于放任型（平均差异 = 3.30，95%置信区间 = 0.10，6.49）。与其他类别相比，最佳喂养方式类别与更好的饮食相关结果相关。考察父母喂养方式的类别可能会增进对相互关联的喂养方式与孩子饮食及健康结果之间复杂关系的理解。
