High adhesion ability of anammox granular microbes directly revealed by QCM-D technique.

Anammox bacteria are widely found to grow in bioaggregates form, but the reason for their high aggregation ability remains elusive. In this study, four kinds of sludge, i.e., anammox granules, anaerobic granules, aerobic granules, and partial nitrification flocs, were studied and compared to investigate their differences in adherence properties. We directly explored the adherence properties of sludge samples before and after extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction, using quartz-crystal microbalance technique with dissipation monitoring technique. Results showed that EPS indeed stimulated the adherence properties of all sludge samples. The most striking feature here is that anammox consortia had the highest adhesion rate and mass, and formed the most compact layer on the gold-coated sensor surfaces both before and after EPS extraction among the four sludge samples, indicating their inherent high adhesion ability. The composition and spectral characteristics of EPS samples were also investigated, and it reveals that the relatively high extracellular proteins/polysaccharides ratio of anammox granules (3.2 ± 0.4) rather than total EPS concentration had contributed to their high adhesion ability. The findings are helpful for understanding the adherence properties of anammox bacteria, and will serve as a guide for further researches to exploring the aggregation process of anammox bacteria.