Climatic/Environmental/Telecommunication Unit, Department of Physics, Edo University Iyamho, Edo State, Nigeria.
Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Feb 15;280:111809. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111809. Epub 2020 Dec 23.
Despite the importance of chromium (Cr) in most anthropogenic activities, the subsequent environmental adulteration is now a source of major concern. Cr occurs in numerous oxidation states, with the furthermost stable and frequently occur states being Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(0) and Cr(III) are vital trace elements while Cr(VI) is dispensable and noxious to living organisms. Predominantly in plants, Cr at low concentrations of about 0.05-1 mg/L assist to boost growth as well as increase productivity. However, accumulation of Cr could represent a potential threat to living organisms. Cr absorption, displacement and accretion depend on its speciation, which also determines its toxicity which is often diverse. Indications of its toxicity include; reduction of seed germination, retardation of growth, reduction of yield, inhibition of enzymatic activities, weakening of photosynthesis, nutrient, oxidative disparities and genetic mutation in plants as well as several injurious diseases in animals and humans. In this study, we have presented a comprehensive review as well as an informative account of the influence of Cr on the environment drawn from researches carried out over the years following an analytical approach. Uniquely, this work presents a review of the effects and remediation of Cr from soil and wastewater drawn from several evidence and meta-data-based articles and other publications. Accordingly, the write-up is intended to appeal to the consciousness of the general public that the significance of Cr notwithstanding, its environmental toxicity should not be taken for granted.
尽管铬 (Cr) 在大多数人为活动中都很重要，但随后的环境污染现在是一个主要关注点。Cr 存在于多种氧化态中，最稳定和常见的状态是 Cr(0)、Cr(III) 和 Cr(VI)。Cr(0) 和 Cr(III) 是重要的微量元素，而 Cr(VI) 对生物体是可有可无的且有毒。主要在植物中，Cr 在约 0.05-1 mg/L 的低浓度下有助于促进生长和提高生产力。然而，Cr 的积累可能对生物体构成潜在威胁。Cr 的吸收、置换和积累取决于其形态，这也决定了其毒性通常是多样的。其毒性的迹象包括：种子发芽减少、生长迟缓、产量降低、酶活性抑制、光合作用减弱、营养物质、氧化差异和遗传突变，以及动物和人类的几种有害疾病。在这项研究中，我们通过分析方法，从多年来的研究中，对 Cr 对环境的影响进行了全面的综述和介绍。独特的是，这项工作综述了从土壤和废水中去除 Cr 的效果和修复，这些效果和修复来自于一些基于证据和荟萃分析的文章和其他出版物。因此，这篇文章旨在唤起公众的意识，即尽管 Cr 很重要，但不应忽视其环境毒性。
