LEMAM - Laboratory for Molecular Studies of Marine Environments, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
CHEMBIOPRO (Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels), Saint-Denis, France.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2021 Jan;114(1):95-112. doi: 10.1007/s10482-020-01503-5. Epub 2020 Dec 28.
Marine sponges are abundant and ecologically important components of coral reefs and have been shown to harbour exceptionally high microbial densities, which can differ substantially among sponge species. However, this dichotomy between high and low microbial abundance (HMA, LMA) sponges is still not fully understood, particularly as concerns the archaeal community. This study aims to fill this gap by analysing (using 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene) how the archaeal community varies among known LMA (Stylissa carteri, and Stylissa massa), known HMA (Hyrtios erectus and Xestospongia testudinaria) and unknown HMA/LMA status sponge species (Ectyoplasia coccinea, Paratetilla bacca and Petrosia aff. spheroida) collected in a remote location in which very few sponge microbial composition studies have been previously performed (Mayotte, Comores archipelago, France) and comparing the results with those reported in four other geographical areas. Based on archaeal community composition, the known LMA sponges formed a distinct cluster together with Paratetilla bacca, Ectyoplasia coccinea and seawater while the known HMA sponge X. testudinaria formed a cluster with Petrosia aff. spheroida. The known HMA sponge H. erectus, in turn, had an intermediate archaeal community between HMA sponges and sediment samples. In addition to the above, we also showed significant compositional congruence between archaeal and bacterial communities sampled from the same sponge individuals. HMA sponges were mainly dominated by members assigned to the genus Nitrosopumilus while LMA sponges were mainly dominated by members assigned to the genus Cenarchaeum. In general, there was no clear difference in richness between HMA and LMA sponges. Evenness, however, was higher in HMA than LMA sponges. Whilst the present study corroborates some of the traits commonly associated with the HMA-LMA dichotomy (higher evenness in Mayotte HMA sponges), this was not consistent across geographical areas showing that more research is needed to fully understand the HMA/LMA dichotomy as concerns Archaea.
海洋海绵是珊瑚礁中丰富且具有重要生态意义的组成部分，已被证明拥有异常高的微生物密度，而这种密度在不同海绵物种之间存在显著差异。然而，这种高微生物丰度（HMA）和低微生物丰度（LMA）海绵之间的二分法仍然没有被完全理解，特别是在古菌群落方面。本研究旨在通过分析（使用 454 焦磷酸测序 16S rRNA 基因）来填补这一空白，了解古菌群落如何在已知的 LMA（Stylissa carteri 和 Stylissa massa）、已知的 HMA（Hyrtios erectus 和 Xestospongia testudinaria）和未知的 HMA/LMA 状态海绵物种（Ectyoplasia coccinea、Paratetilla bacca 和 Petrosia aff. spheroida）之间发生变化，这些样本均来自一个之前很少进行海绵微生物组成研究的偏远地区（马约特岛，科摩罗群岛，法国），并将结果与其他四个地理区域的报告进行比较。基于古菌群落组成，已知的 LMA 海绵与 Paratetilla bacca、Ectyoplasia coccinea 和海水一起形成了一个独特的聚类，而已知的 HMA 海绵 X. testudinaria 与 Petrosia aff. spheroida 形成了一个聚类。已知的 HMA 海绵 H. erectus 则在 HMA 海绵和沉积物样本之间的古菌群落组成具有中间状态。此外，我们还表明，从同一海绵个体中采集的古菌和细菌群落之间存在显著的组成一致性。HMA 海绵主要由属于 Nitrosopumilus 属的成员主导，而 LMA 海绵主要由属于 Cenarchaeum 属的成员主导。总体而言，HMA 和 LMA 海绵的丰富度之间没有明显差异。然而，HMA 海绵的均匀度高于 LMA 海绵。尽管本研究证实了一些与 HMA-LMA 二分法相关的特征（在马约特岛的 HMA 海绵中均匀度更高），但这种特征在不同地理区域并不一致，这表明需要进一步研究以充分了解古菌群落的 HMA/LMA 二分法。
