Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2020 Dec 28;15(12):e0243730. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243730. eCollection 2020.
The main aim of the current study was to investigate what role perceived life stress, psychological capital (PsyCap), financial self-reliance and time perspective orientations play in explaining socioeconomic health inequalities, specifically self-perceived health and self-reported physical health conditions.
Individuals (total n = 600) aged 16+ years from a general Dutch population sample (LISS panel) completed an online questionnaire measuring three different SEP indicators (highest achieved educational level, personal monthly disposable income and being in paid employment), perceived life stress, PsyCap, financial self-reliance, time perspective, self-perceived health, and self-reported physical health conditions. Structural equation modelling using a cross-sectional design was used to test the mediation paths from SEP indicators to self-perceived health and self-reported physical health conditions through perceived life stress, PsyCap, financial self-reliance and time perspective orientations.
Highest achieved educational level and being in paid employment showed to play a role in the social stratification within self-reported and self-perceived health outcomes, whereas this was not found for personal monthly disposable income. The association between a lower highest achieved educational level and lower self-perceived health was mediated by lower PsyCap and higher perceived life stress levels. The association between a lower highest achieved educational level and higher levels of self-reported physical health conditions was mediated by less financial self-reliance and higher perceived life stress levels. Although no mediating role was found for time perspective orientations in the association between the measured SEP indicators and health outcomes, negative time perspective orientations were associated with either self-perceived health or self-reported physical health conditions.
reserves (PsyCap and financial self-reliance) and perceived life stress seem to play a larger role in explaining the health gradient in achieved educational level than time perspective orientations. Prevention efforts trying to reduce the SEP-health gradient should focus on a) increasing reserves and lowering perceived life stress levels for individuals with a low achieved educational level, and b) reducing unemployment and narrowing opportunity gaps in education for people with a low SEP.
本研究的主要目的是探讨感知生活压力、心理资本（PsyCap）、经济独立和时间观取向在解释社会经济健康不平等方面的作用，特别是自我感知健康和自我报告的身体健康状况。
来自一般荷兰人群样本（LISS 面板）的 16 岁及以上个体（总 n=600）完成了一项在线问卷，测量了三个不同的社会经济地位指标（最高受教育程度、个人月可支配收入和有薪工作）、感知生活压力、心理资本、经济独立、时间观、自我感知健康和自我报告的身体健康状况。使用横断面设计的结构方程模型来测试从社会经济地位指标到自我感知健康和自我报告的身体健康状况的中介途径，通过感知生活压力、心理资本、经济独立和时间观取向。
最高受教育程度和有薪工作在自我报告和自我感知健康结果的社会分层中发挥了作用，而个人月可支配收入则没有。较低的最高受教育程度与较低的自我感知健康之间的关联是通过较低的心理资本和较高的感知生活压力水平来介导的。较低的最高受教育程度与较高的自我报告的身体健康状况之间的关联是通过较少的经济独立和较高的感知生活压力水平来介导的。虽然时间观取向在测量的社会经济地位指标与健康结果之间的关联中没有起到中介作用，但消极的时间观取向与自我感知健康或自我报告的身体健康状况有关。
储备（心理资本和经济独立）和感知生活压力似乎在解释与受教育程度相关的健康梯度方面比时间观取向更重要。旨在减少社会经济地位与健康之间的梯度的预防措施应侧重于 a）增加储备并降低低受教育程度个体的感知生活压力水平，以及 b）减少失业并缩小低社会经济地位人群的教育机会差距。
