Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland.
NHMRC CRE in Digital Technology to Transform Chronic Disease Outcomes, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Addiction. 2021 Jul;116(7):1725-1733. doi: 10.1111/add.15382. Epub 2021 Jan 12.
Within the context of Scotland's policy change to implement a minimum unit price (MUP) per unit of alcohol sold in licensed premises, this study used an N-of-1 design to assess between-person differences in the psychological and social factors associated with daily alcohol consumption.
A mixed-methods approach combined N-of-1 observational studies, comprising daily surveys followed by qualitative social network interviews (not reported here). Peer researchers with lived experience of substance use were involved in the study design and fieldwork was conducted in towns and rural areas in the East of Scotland.
PARTICIPANTS/CASES: Twenty-five adults with current or recent history of alcohol dependence recruited for three 12-week waves: 11 in wave 1 (pre-MUP), 11 in wave 2 (pre- and post-MUP) and three in wave 3 (post MUP).
Gender, age, alcohol and other drug use history. Daily surveys for 12 weeks captured information about factors in the last 24 hours, e.g. amount and type of alcohol consumed, stress, social contact.
Each participant was in the daily survey for a mean of 64 days [standard deviation (SD) = 42; median = 59], with a response rate of 48%; 15 participants provided sufficient data for analysis. Factors related to daily alcohol consumption differed between individuals. Models suggested that some individuals with high initial consumption reduced drinking after MUP, but explanatory factors differed, e.g. changing motivation was important for some, while alcohol availability was important for others.
Adapting N-of-1 methods for an observational study uncovered differences in alcohol consumption change before and after minimum unit pricing implementation in Scotland, evidence of individual differences in the factors relating to alcohol consumption patterns and some evidence that post-MUP consumption changes may be related to changing psychosocial factors.
在苏格兰政策改变，对许可场所出售的每单位酒精实施最低单位价格（MUP）的背景下，本研究采用 N-of-1 设计评估与每日饮酒相关的心理和社会因素的个体间差异。
混合方法学方法结合 N-of-1 观察研究，包括每日调查，随后进行定性社交网络访谈（此处未报告）。具有药物使用生活经验的同行研究人员参与了研究设计，实地工作在苏格兰东部的城镇和农村地区进行。
参与者/病例：招募了 25 名有当前或近期酒精依赖史的成年人，进行了三个 12 周的波次：11 名在波 1（MUP 前），11 名在波 2（MUP 前和后），3 名在波 3（MUP 后）。
性别、年龄、酒精和其他药物使用史。为期 12 周的每日调查记录了过去 24 小时内的信息，例如饮酒量和类型、压力、社交接触。
每位参与者的平均每日调查天数为 64 天[标准差（SD）=42；中位数=59]，回复率为 48%；15 名参与者提供了足够的数据进行分析。个体之间与每日饮酒相关的因素存在差异。模型表明，一些初始饮酒量较高的人在 MUP 后减少了饮酒量，但解释因素不同，例如，对于一些人来说，改变动机很重要，而对于另一些人来说，酒精供应很重要。
为观察研究改编 N-of-1 方法揭示了苏格兰实施最低单位定价前后饮酒量变化的个体差异，证明了与饮酒模式相关的因素存在个体差异，并且有证据表明 MUP 后消费变化可能与改变的心理社会因素有关。
