González-Rodríguez Rebeca I, Jiménez-Escobar Irma, Gutiérrez-Castrellón Pedro
Centro de Atención Metabólica Integral del Niño y el Adolescente. Ciudad de México, México.
Dirección Médica, Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González. Ciudad de México, México.
Gac Med Mex. 2020;156(Supl 3):S58-S66. doi: 10.24875/GMM.M20000439.
Breast milk is a complex biological fluid. Additionally to its nutritional impact, it contains diverse bioactive elements related to early metabolic programming and molecular structures, such as microRNA related to the epigenetic signaling process. Now, we know that human milk is not sterile and contains a significant diversity of microorganisms such as bacteria (bacterioma), viruses (viroma) and fungi (mycobiome), all of which integrate the concept of the human milk microbiota. Apparently the origin of this microbiota is found in the entero-mammary circulation, as well as in the retrograde circulation of the skin of the mammary gland, although it is speculated in what percentage the microbiota of the oral cavity of the infant contributes in a significant way. From a functional point of view, it has been shown the transfer of this microbiota to the infant's digestive tract, which is related to better digestive tolerance, lower frequency and intensity of dysfunctionalities of the brain-intestine-microbiota axis, and improved immunity, among others.
母乳是一种复杂的生物流体。除了其营养影响外，它还含有与早期代谢编程和分子结构相关的多种生物活性元素，如与表观遗传信号传导过程相关的微小RNA。现在，我们知道人乳并非无菌，而是含有大量不同的微生物，如细菌（细菌群落）、病毒（病毒群落）和真菌（真菌群落），所有这些都构成了人乳微生物群的概念。显然，这种微生物群的起源存在于肠-乳腺循环以及乳腺皮肤的逆行循环中，不过推测婴儿口腔微生物群在其中所占的显著贡献比例尚不清楚。从功能角度来看，已表明这种微生物群会转移到婴儿的消化道，这与更好的消化耐受性、脑-肠-微生物群轴功能障碍的较低频率和强度以及免疫力提高等有关。
