Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(7):1184-1200. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1754756. Epub 2020 Apr 24.
Human milk is the gold standard for newborn infants. Breast milk not only provides nutrients, it also contains bioactive components that guide the development of the infant's intestinal immune system, which can have a lifelong effect. The bioactive molecules in breast milk regulate microbiota development, immune maturation and gut barrier function. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are the most abundant bioactive molecules in human milk and have multiple beneficial functions such as support of growth of beneficial bacteria, anti-pathogenic effects, immune modulating effects, and stimulation of intestine barrier functions. Here we critically review the current insight into the benefits of bioactive molecules in mother milk that contribute to neonatal development and focus on current knowledge of hMO-functions on microbiota and the gastrointestinal immune barrier. hMOs produced via genetically engineered microorganisms are now applied in infant formulas to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and their prospects and scientific challenges are discussed in depth.
母乳是新生儿的黄金标准。母乳不仅提供营养，还含有生物活性成分，指导婴儿肠道免疫系统的发育，这种影响具有终生效应。母乳中的生物活性分子调节微生物群的发育、免疫成熟和肠道屏障功能。人乳寡糖（hMO）是母乳中最丰富的生物活性分子，具有多种有益功能，如支持有益细菌的生长、抗病原作用、免疫调节作用和刺激肠道屏障功能。在这里，我们批判性地回顾了母乳中生物活性分子对新生儿发育的有益作用的最新认识，并重点介绍了 hMO 对微生物群和胃肠道免疫屏障的作用的最新知识。通过基因工程微生物生产的 hMO 现已应用于婴儿配方奶粉中，以尽可能接近母乳的营养成分，深入讨论了其前景和科学挑战。
