The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
J Hazard Mater. 2021 Apr 5;407:124863. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124863. Epub 2020 Dec 15.
Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, human health risk assessment of PFAS currently relies on animal toxicity data derived from individual substance exposure, which may not adequately predict the risk from combined exposure due to possible interactions that can influence the overall risk. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), particularly perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are recognised as global emerging contaminants of concern due to their ubiquitous distribution in all environmental media, wildlife, and humans, persistency, bioaccumulative-, toxic-, and human health-risk potentials. This article reviews the current understanding of the human health risks associated with PFAS exposure focusing on more recent toxicological and epidemiological studies from 2010 to 2020. The existing information on PFAA mixtures was also reviewed in an attempt to highlight the need for greater focus on their potential interactions as mixtures within the class of these chemicals. A growing number of toxicological studies have indicated several adverse health outcomes of PFAA exposure, including developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid disruption, and carcinogenicity. Epidemiological findings further support some of these adverse human health outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not well defined. A few in vitro studies focusing on PFAA mixtures revealed that these compounds may act additively or interact synergistically/antagonistically depending on the species, dose level, dose ratio, and mixture components. Hence, the combined effects or potential interactions of PFAS mixtures should be considered and integrated into toxicity assessment to obtain a realistic and more refined human health risk assessment.
人类暴露于复杂的全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 混合物中。然而，目前对 PFAS 的人类健康风险评估依赖于从单个物质暴露中得出的动物毒性数据，由于可能存在相互作用，这些数据可能无法充分预测联合暴露的风险，这些相互作用可能会影响整体风险。长链全氟烷基酸 (PFAAs)，特别是全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 和全氟辛酸 (PFOA)，由于它们在所有环境介质、野生动植物和人类中的普遍分布、持久性、生物累积性、毒性和对人类健康的潜在风险，被认为是全球关注的新兴污染物。本文综述了 2010 年至 2020 年期间与 PFAS 暴露相关的人类健康风险的最新毒理学和流行病学研究，重点介绍了目前对这些物质的认识。还审查了关于 PFAA 混合物的现有信息，试图强调需要更加关注这些物质作为同一类化学物质混合物的潜在相互作用。越来越多的毒理学研究表明，PFAA 暴露会导致多种不良健康后果，包括发育和生殖毒性、神经毒性、肝毒性、遗传毒性、免疫毒性、甲状腺功能紊乱和致癌性。流行病学研究结果进一步支持了其中一些不良的人类健康后果。然而，这些不良影响的机制尚未明确。一些针对 PFAA 混合物的体外研究表明，这些化合物可能会产生相加或协同/拮抗作用，具体取决于物种、剂量水平、剂量比和混合物成分。因此，应考虑 PFAS 混合物的综合效应或潜在相互作用，并将其纳入毒性评估，以获得更真实和更精细的人类健康风险评估。
