Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
PLoS One. 2020 Dec 31;15(12):e0244738. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244738. eCollection 2020.
Utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has generated substantial recent research interest in this area. Among these NPs, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have demonstrated promising results in improving oil recovery due to their prominent thermal properties. These nanoparticles can also be polarized by electromagnetic (EM) field, which offers a unique Nano-EOR approach called EM-assisted Nano-EOR. However, the impact of NPs concentrations on oil recovery mechanism under EM field has not been well established. For this purpose, ZnO nanofluids (ZnO-NFs) of two different particle sizes (55.7 and 117.1 nm) were formed by dispersing NPs between 0.01 wt.% to 0.1 wt.% in a basefluid of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and NaCl to study their effect on oil recovery mechanism under the electromagnetic field. This mechanism involved parameters, including mobility ratio, interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability. The displacement tests were conducted in water-wet sandpacks at 95˚C, by employing crude oil from Tapis. Three tertiary recovery scenarios have been performed, including (i) SDBS surfactant flooding as a reference, (ii) ZnO-NFs flooding, and (iii) EM-assisted ZnO-NFs flooding. Compare with incremental oil recovery from surfactant flooding (2.1% original oil in place/OOIP), nanofluid flooding reaches up to 10.2% of OOIP at optimal 0.1 wt.% ZnO (55.7 nm). Meanwhile, EM-assisted nanofluid flooding at 0.1 wt.% ZnO provides a maximum oil recovery of 10.39% and 13.08% of OOIP under EM frequency of 18.8 and 167 MHz, respectively. By assessing the IFT/contact angle and mobility ratio, the optimal NPs concentration to achieve a favorable ER effect and interfacial disturbance is determined, correlated to smaller hydrodynamic-sized nanoparticles that cause strong electrostatic repulsion between particles.
在提高石油采收率（EOR）中利用金属氧化物纳米颗粒（NPs）引起了该领域近期大量的研究兴趣。在这些 NPs 中，氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO-NPs）由于其突出的热性能，在提高采收率方面显示出了很有前景的结果。这些纳米颗粒也可以被电磁场极化，这提供了一种独特的纳米增强采油方法，称为电磁辅助纳米增强采油。然而，在电磁场下，NPs 浓度对采油机制的影响尚未得到很好的确定。为此，通过在十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和 NaCl 基液中分散 0.01 wt.% 至 0.1 wt.% 的 NPs，形成了两种不同粒径（55.7nm 和 117.1nm）的 ZnO 纳米流体（ZnO-NFs），以研究它们在电磁场下对采油机制的影响。该机制涉及到包括流度比、界面张力（IFT）和润湿性在内的参数。在 95°C 下，在水湿砂柱中进行了驱替实验，使用了来自 Tapis 的原油。进行了三种三次采油方案，包括（i）SDBS 表面活性剂驱作为参考，（ii）ZnO-NFs 驱，（iii）电磁辅助 ZnO-NFs 驱。与表面活性剂驱的增量采油（2.1%油藏原始油量/OOIP）相比，纳米流体驱在最佳 0.1wt.% ZnO（55.7nm）时可达到 10.2%的 OOIP。同时，在 0.1wt.% ZnO 下，在 18.8MHz 和 167MHz 的电磁频率下，电磁辅助纳米流体驱分别可获得 10.39%和 13.08%的 OOIP 最大采收率。通过评估 IFT/接触角和流度比，确定了实现有利的 ER 效果和界面干扰的最佳 NPs 浓度，这与较小的水动力粒径的纳米颗粒有关，这些颗粒会导致颗粒之间的强烈静电排斥。
