Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Center for Drug Design and Molecular Simulation Division, Cancer Care Nepal and Research Center, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal.
BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Jan 1;21(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s12906-020-03162-5.
BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolemia has posed a serious threat of heart diseases and stroke worldwide. Xanthine oxidase (XO), the rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is regarded as the root of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generate atherosclerosis and cholesterol crystals. β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Although some commercially available enzyme inhibiting drugs have effectively reduced cholesterol levels, most of them have failed to meet potential drug candidates' requirements. Here, we have carried out an in-silico analysis of secondary metabolites that have already shown good inhibitory activity against XO and HMGR in a wet lab setup. METHODS: Out of 118 secondary metabolites reviewed, sixteen molecules inhibiting XO and HMGR were selected based on the IC values reported in in vitro assays. Further, receptor-based virtual screening was carried out against secondary metabolites using GOLD Protein-Ligand Docking Software, combined with subsequent post-docking, to study the binding affinities of ligands to the enzymes. In-silico ADMET analysis was carried out to explore their pharmacokinetic properties, followed by toxicity prediction through ProTox-II. RESULTS: The molecular docking of amentoflavone (GOLD score 70.54, ∆G = - 10.4 Kcal/mol) and ganomycin I (GOLD score 59.61, ∆G = - 6.8 Kcal/mol) displayed that the drug has effectively bound at the competitive site of XO and HMGR, respectively. Besides, 6-paradol and selgin could be potential drug candidates inhibiting XO. Likewise, n-octadecanyl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl (6' → 1″)-O-α-D-glucopyranoside could be potential drug candidates to maintain serum cholesterol. In-silico ADMET analysis has shown that these sixteen metabolites were optimal within the categorical range compared to commercially available XO and HMGR inhibitors, respectively. Toxicity analysis through ProTox-II revealed that 6-gingerol, ganoleucoin K, and ganoleucoin Z are toxic for human use. CONCLUSION: This computational analysis supports earlier experimental evidence towards the inhibition of XO and HMGR by natural products. Further study is necessary to explore the clinical efficacy of these secondary molecules, which might be alternatives for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
背景:高胆固醇血症已成为全球范围内心脏病和中风的严重威胁。黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)是尿酸生物合成的限速酶,被认为是产生动脉粥样硬化和胆固醇晶体的活性氧(ROS)的根源。β-羟-β-甲基戊二酰基辅酶 A 还原酶(HMGR)是胆固醇生物合成的限速酶。虽然一些市售的酶抑制药物有效降低了胆固醇水平,但大多数都未能满足潜在药物候选物的要求。在这里,我们对已经在湿实验室中显示出对 XO 和 HMGR 有良好抑制活性的次生代谢物进行了计算机分析。
方法:在综述的 118 种次生代谢物中,根据体外测定报告的 IC 值,选择了 16 种抑制 XO 和 HMGR 的分子。进一步,使用 GOLD 蛋白-配体对接软件对次生代谢物进行基于受体的虚拟筛选,并结合后续对接后处理,研究配体与酶的结合亲和力。通过 ProTox-II 进行计算机辅助药物代谢动力学分析,以探索其药代动力学特性,随后通过 ProTox-II 进行毒性预测。
结果:芹菜素(GOLD 得分 70.54,ΔG = -10.4 Kcal/mol)和 ganomycin I(GOLD 得分 59.61,ΔG = -6.8 Kcal/mol)的分子对接显示,该药物已有效地结合在 XO 和 HMGR 的竞争结合位点上。此外,6-对羟基苯乙酮和 selgin 可能是抑制 XO 的潜在药物候选物。同样,n-十八烷基-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(6'→1″)-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷可能是维持血清胆固醇的潜在药物候选物。计算机辅助药物代谢动力学分析表明,与市售的 XO 和 HMGR 抑制剂相比,这 16 种代谢物在各自的分类范围内都是最佳的。通过 ProTox-II 进行的毒性分析表明,6-姜辣素、ganoleucoin K 和 ganoleucoin Z 对人体有毒。
结论:本计算分析支持早期的实验证据,即天然产物对 XO 和 HMGR 的抑制作用。有必要进一步研究这些次生分子的临床疗效,它们可能是治疗高胆固醇血症的替代方法。
BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021-1-1
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