Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020 Dec;29(12):1469-1477. doi: 10.17219/acem/128227.
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common condition that causes considerable pain to children and distress to their parents. Clinically it is manifested by demarcated opacities of tooth enamel with reduced mineralization. The mean global incidence of this disorder has been estimated at around 13-14%. Environmental pollution is one of the suspected etiological factors, but the impact of air pollutant components on MIH has yet to be studied.
To assess whether the level of air pollution components has an impact on the prevalence of MIH.
This cross-sectional study included 2354 children, aged 6-12 years, attending schools in 2 voivodeships (regions) of Poland with best and worst air quality. Smog alarms are announced more than 50 times a year in the Silesian voivodeship, while in the Pomeranian voivodeship, consistently low levels of air pollution are observed. Our air quality assessment was carried out on the basis of average annual results from measuring stations located in the 2 voivodeships. Dental examinations of teeth were conducted using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) criteria for the diagnosis of MIH.
Levels of air pollution components over time were notably higher in the Silesian voivodeship, especially sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM10) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The MIH was diagnosed more often in children in the Silesian voivodeship (13.7%) than in the Pomeranian (6.4%). In the Pomeranian voivodeship, MIH was most often diagnosed in children aged 6 (14.53%).
This study shows a correlation between higher concentrations of air pollutants and the occurrence of enamel developmental disorder in the form of MIH. Future research is required to assess whether this is related to the presence of a specific component or to the more frequent occurrence and treatment of air pollution-related general diseases, such as respiratory illnesses.
磨牙牙釉质发育不全（MIH）是一种常见的病症，会给儿童带来极大的痛苦，也令其父母感到苦恼。临床上表现为牙齿釉质的局限性不透明，矿化程度降低。据估计，这种疾病的全球平均发病率约为 13-14%。环境污染是可疑的病因之一，但空气污染物成分对 MIH 的影响尚未得到研究。
评估空气污染成分的水平是否对 MIH 的患病率有影响。
这是一项横断面研究，纳入了 2354 名 6-12 岁的儿童，他们在波兰两个拥有最佳和最差空气质量的省份的学校就读。在西里西亚省，每年烟雾警报器会发出 50 多次警报，而在波美拉尼亚省，一直观察到空气污染水平较低。我们的空气质量评估是基于位于这两个省份的测量站的平均年度结果进行的。牙齿检查使用欧洲儿童牙科学会（EAPD）的标准来诊断 MIH。
随着时间的推移，西里西亚省的空气污染成分水平明显更高，尤其是二氧化硫（SO2）、颗粒物（PM10）和多环芳烃（PAH）。在西里西亚省，儿童 MIH 的诊断率（13.7%）高于波美拉尼亚省（6.4%）。在波美拉尼亚省，6 岁儿童最常被诊断出 MIH（14.53%）。
本研究表明，空气污染物浓度的升高与以 MIH 形式出现的牙釉质发育不全之间存在相关性。需要进一步研究以评估这是否与特定成分的存在有关，还是与更频繁地发生和治疗与空气污染有关的一般疾病（如呼吸道疾病）有关。
