Putman Breanna J, Pauly Gregory B, Blumstein Daniel T
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
Department of Herpetology and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
Curr Zool. 2020 Dec;66(6):657-665. doi: 10.1093/cz/zoaa015. Epub 2020 Mar 25.
Biological invasions threaten biodiversity worldwide, and therefore, understanding the traits of successful invaders could mitigate their spread. Many commonly invasive species do well in disturbed habitats, such as urban environments, and their abilities to effectively respond to disturbances could contribute to their invasiveness. Yet, there are noninvasive species that also do well in disturbed habitats. The question remains whether urban invaders behave differently in urban environments than noninvaders, which could suggest an "urban-exploiting" phenotype. In Southern California, the co-occurrence of invasive Italian wall lizards , brown anoles , and green anoles , and native western fence lizards offers an opportunity to test whether invasives exhibit consistent differences in risk-taking within human-altered habitats compared with a native species. We predicted that invasive lizards would exhibit more bold behavior by having shorter flight-initiation distances (FIDs) and by being found farther from a refuge (behaviors that would presumably maximize foraging in low-risk environments). Invasive populations had similar or longer FIDs, but were consistently found at distances closer to a refuge. Collectively, invasive lizards in urban habitats were not bolder than a native species. Reliance on nearby refuges might help species successfully invade urban habitats, and if a general pattern, may pose an added challenge in detecting or eliminating them.
生物入侵威胁着全球的生物多样性，因此，了解成功入侵物种的特征有助于减缓它们的扩散。许多常见的入侵物种在受干扰的栖息地（如城市环境）中表现良好，它们有效应对干扰的能力可能有助于其入侵性。然而，也有一些非入侵物种在受干扰的栖息地中同样表现良好。问题仍然存在，即城市入侵物种在城市环境中的行为是否与非入侵物种不同，这可能暗示一种“利用城市”的表型。在南加州，入侵的意大利壁蜥、棕色安乐蜥、绿色安乐蜥与本土的西部围栏蜥共存，这提供了一个机会来测试入侵物种与本土物种相比，在人类改变的栖息地中是否在冒险行为上表现出一致的差异。我们预测，入侵蜥蜴会表现出更大胆的行为，即具有更短的逃跑起始距离（FIDs），并且在离避难所更远的地方被发现（这些行为可能会在低风险环境中最大限度地增加觅食机会）。入侵种群的FIDs相似或更长，但它们始终被发现在离避难所更近的距离。总体而言，城市栖息地中的入侵蜥蜴并不比本土物种更大胆。对附近避难所的依赖可能有助于物种成功入侵城市栖息地，如果这是一种普遍模式，可能会在检测或消除它们方面带来额外挑战。
