PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111622. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111622. Epub 2020 Nov 10.
The continuous growth in global population since the beginning of the 20th century result in the necessity of food and energy provision favoring the intensive use of agricultural products such as pesticides. Although pesticides are important to prevent losses in the conventional chemically based agriculture, they frequently present side effects, which goes against agricultural production. The use of pesticides cause direct and indirect effects to soil organisms unbalancing essential soil processes (e.g. primary production, organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling). Under tropical conditions, very little is known regarding the effects of pesticides to terrestrial organisms. Hence, the aim of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicological effects of the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (active ingredient: 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (active ingredient: fipronil), on terrestrial plant species (the dicot Raphanus sativus var. acanthioformis and the monocot Allium cepa), and soil invertebrates (the collembolan Folsomia candida and the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus), using natural (NS) and artificial soils (TAS). For both pesticides, negative effects on non-target species were observed at concentrations lower than the doses recommended to prevent pests in sugarcane fields. For both soils, the dicot species was the most affected by the herbicide (R. sativus > A. cepa > F. candida > E. crypticus) and the collembolan species was the most affected by the insecticide (F. candida > E. crypticus = R. sativus = A. cepa). Although the order of the organisms' sensitivity for both pesticides was the same in both soils, results showed that the extent of the effects was soil dependent. Considering the ecologically relevant concentrations tested, and their severe effects to non-target organisms, it may be concluded that the use of fipronil and 2,4-D under recommended conditions may pose a risk to the terrestrial environment.
自 20 世纪初以来，全球人口持续增长，导致需要提供食物和能源，这有利于农业产品（如农药）的集约化使用。虽然农药对于防止传统化学农业中的损失很重要，但它们经常会产生副作用，这与农业生产背道而驰。农药的使用会对土壤生物造成直接和间接的影响，从而破坏土壤的基本过程（如初级生产、有机质分解、养分循环）。在热带条件下，人们对农药对陆地生物的影响知之甚少。因此，本研究的目的是评估除草剂 DMA® 806 BR（有效成分：2,4-D）和杀虫剂 Regent® 800 WG（有效成分：氟虫腈）对陆地植物物种（双子叶植物萝卜变种 acanthioformis 和单子叶植物洋葱）和土壤无脊椎动物（等节跳虫 Folsomia candida 和真蚓科 Enchytraeus crypticus）的生态毒理学影响，使用天然土壤（NS）和人工土壤（TAS）。对于这两种农药，在低于推荐剂量以防止甘蔗地害虫的浓度下，对非靶标物种都观察到了负面影响。对于两种土壤，草本植物物种受除草剂的影响最大（萝卜>洋葱>等节跳虫>真蚓科），而节肢动物物种受杀虫剂的影响最大（等节跳虫>真蚓科=萝卜>洋葱）。尽管两种土壤中两种农药对生物的敏感性顺序相同，但结果表明，影响的程度取决于土壤。考虑到测试的生态相关浓度及其对非靶标生物的严重影响，可以得出结论，在推荐条件下使用氟虫腈和 2,4-D 可能对陆地环境构成风险。
