Health Research Centre, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain.
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 3;18(1):298. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010298.
There are no validated instruments to date that have examined the students' perceptions of externally and internally controlling teaching practices in physical education (PE). Grounded in self-determination theory, the objective of this research was to provide validity and reliability evidence of the Controlling Teaching Scale for Physical Education (CTS-PE) to assess the external and internal faces of controlling teaching in PE through two sequential studies. In Study 1 ( = 241 students), an exploratory factor analysis revealed an eight-item two-factor solution (four items per factor). In Study 2 ( = 968 students), a confirmatory factor analysis supported the eight-item two-factor correlated model (i.e., externally and internally controlling teaching) that was invariant across gender. Reliability coefficients indicated an acceptable level of reliability for the two factors of the CTS-PE. A structural equation modelling showed that externally and internally controlling teaching behaviours positively predicted need frustration, and negatively need satisfaction. The current study gathered evidence to consider the CTS-PE as a valid and reliable instrument to assess students' perceptions of PE teachers' externally and internally controlling teaching behaviours. The CTS-PE provides PE teachers with deeper insights into the negative psychological experiences associated with externally and internally controlling teaching behaviours in PE.
迄今为止，尚无经过验证的工具可以考察学生对体育教育中外部和内部控制教学实践的看法。本研究以自我决定理论为基础，旨在提供体育教育控制教学量表（CTS-PE）的有效性和可靠性证据，通过两项顺序研究评估体育教育中控制教学的外部和内部方面。在研究 1（=241 名学生）中，一项探索性因素分析显示出八项两因素解决方案（每个因素四项）。在研究 2（=968 名学生）中，验证性因素分析支持八项两因素相关模型（即外部和内部控制教学），该模型在性别上具有不变性。可靠性系数表明 CTS-PE 的两个因素具有可接受的可靠性水平。结构方程模型表明，外部和内部控制教学行为积极预测需求挫折，消极预测需求满足。本研究提供了证据，认为 CTS-PE 是一种评估学生对体育教师外部和内部控制教学行为看法的有效和可靠工具。CTS-PE 使体育教师更深入地了解与体育教育中外部和内部控制教学行为相关的负面心理体验。
